It was noted that slip patterning was affected both by the distribution of Frank-Read sources in a bulk crystal and by dislocation interactions before emergence at a surface. The fine-structure of slip-lines was also highly dependent upon the intrinsic nature of Frank-Read sources and, in particular, upon their pinning points and external dislocation networks; which were often not considered. Various types of Frank-Read source were reviewed here, and the direct effects of these dislocation multiplication mechanisms upon the step fine-structure at the surface were determined.

On the Relation between Frank-Read Source Nature and Fine Slip Line Structure. C.Coupeau, J.Grilhe: European Physics Journal - Applied Physics, 1999, 5[3], 231-6