Dislocation models based upon the extended finite element method were developed for thin shells such as carbon nanotubes and thin films. In shells, methods for edge dislocations, which moved by glide, and prismatic dislocations, which moved by climb, were described. In thin films, methods for dislocations with edge, screw and/or prismatic character were developed in three dimensions. Singular enrichments were proposed which allowed the Peach–Koehler force to be computed directly from the stress field along the dislocation line and gave improved accuracy. An Extended Finite Element Method for Dislocations in Complex Geometries - Thin Films and Nanotubes. J.Oswald, R.Gracie, R.Khare, T.Belytschko: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2009, 198[21-26], 1872-86