Strain-induced (elastic) interactions of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon atoms in IVA group metals, α-Ti, Zr, and -Hf, were calculated in the framework of the microscopic Krivoglaz–Kanzaki–Khachaturyan theory. The experimental elastic constants, lattice spacing of the host metal, and concentration expansion coefficients were used as the input numerical parameters. The resulting interactions were stronger in α-Ti than in α-Zr and α-Hf. A comparative analysis of interactions in the hexagonal close-packed IVA group metals with those in body-centered cubic and face-centered cubic solid solutions reveals the crystal structure effect. In general, the strain-induced interactions of O, N, and C in hexagonal close-packed IVA group metals were weaker than in body-centered cubic solid solutions and were stronger than in face-centered cubic solid solutions.

Strain-Induced Interaction of Interstitials in IVA Group HCP Metals. M.S.Blanter, A.V.Ruban, V.V.Dmitriev: Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2010, 71[10], 1416-20