A simple electrostatic model for the effective charges associated with small linear defects in non-stoichiometric mile was introduced. This was used to predict relative stabilities of clusters of linear defects. The results were in good agreement with high-resolution electron microscopic observations of the presence of small cluster defects in non-stoichiometric rutile (TiO2-x; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.0035) and chromia-doped rutile ((Ti, Cr)O2-x; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0.05), and with observations of the precipitation of pairs of crystallographic shear planes and {100} platelet defects.

Clustering of Small Defects in Non-Stoichiometric Rutile. Jun, S.G., Bursill, L.A.: Philosophical Magazine A, 1986, 53[3], 321-8