It was pointed out that thermomechanical processing could be used to manipulate the crystallography of grain boundaries in metals and alloys. It was concluded that twinning was the principal means for introducing improved boundaries into a microstructure. An explanation was presented for the proliferation of Σ = 3 boundaries, rather than Σ = 3 twins. It was suggested that the critical factor was the relative properties of the boundaries which adjoined coherent twins, rather than their absolute properties.

The Effects of Thermomechanical Processing on Interfacial Crystallography in Metals. V.Randle: Materials Science Forum, 1999, 294-296, 51-8