Faulted dipoles, ranging in height from 3 to 12nm, in high-purity material were studied using lattice-fringe and weak-beam transmission electron microscopy techniques. Only intrinsic Z-shaped faulted dipoles were observed. Lattice-fringe images of large faulted dipoles, weak-beam images of faulted dipoles and weak-beam images of near-edge dislocations yielded a stacking-fault energy of 78mJ/m2. When determined from the height and width of faulted dipoles, viewed end-on in lattice-fringe images, the value of the stacking-fault energy calculated using anisotropic elasticity theory increased from 78 to 160mJ/m2 as the height decreased from 6 to 3nm.

Faulted Dipoles in Germanium. A High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study. S.W.Chiang, C.B.Carter, D.L.Kohlstedt: Philosophical Magazine A, 1980, 42[1], 103-21