The modified thermodynamic model for impurity diffusion in body-centered cubic metals, which was based upon the assumption that monovacancy jumps to nearest- and next-nearest neighbor positions were responsible for transport, was applied to the diffusion of Sc and Hf in W. Agreement with experimental data revealed that the applicability of the model was not restricted to impurities of groups V to VII of the periodic system.

On the Diffusion of Scandium and Hafnium in Tungsten. G.Neumann, V.Tolle, C.Tuijn, H.Bakker: Physica B, 254[1-2], 10-3

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