Mass transport during the hydrothermal-electrochemical growth of polycrystalline thin films of perovskite onto Ti electrodes in Ba(OH)2 solutions was studied by using tracer techniques which involved Ba and 18O atoms as tracers for Ba sites and O atoms, respectively. It was found that the perovskite film grew at the film/electrode interface by the transport of both Ba-site and O atoms from the solution to the interface. The Ba-site and O atoms were considered to diffuse as the constituents of solution species, such as Ba2+, OH-, and H2O, through open short-circuit paths which existed at grain boundaries.

K.Kajiyoshi, K.Tomono, Y.Hamaji, T.Kasanami, M.Yoshimura: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1995, 78[6], 1521-51