A multiple scattering formulation was developed for the electromigration wind force on atoms in dilute alloys. The theory described electromigration via a vacancy mechanism. The method was used to calculate the wind valence for electromigration in various host metals with a close-packed structure (Al, noble metals, Cu, 4d transition metals). The self-electromigration results for Al and for the noble metals compared well with experimental data. In the case of the 4d metals, small wind valences were found. This made those metals attractive candidates for the experimental study of the direct valence.

Theory for the Electromigration Wind Force in Dilute Alloys J.P.Dekker, A.Lodder, J.Van Ek: Physical Review B, 1997, 56[19], 12167-77