Abstract: Concrete is the most popular construction material. In its lifetime, natural resources such as limestone and aggregate are consumed. Meanwhile, emission of air pollutants and discharge of waste concrete in large quantities are of great concern. However, in recent years, high performance concrete and new types of concretes have been developed to decrease the environmental burden in its lifespan or in production phase, to utilize a substantial amount of recycled industrial waste, and to improve local environment. These eco-friendly concretes are classified into environmental protection type such as high performance concrete and recycled concrete, and environmental creation type such as porous concrete used for planting and air-purifying concrete with TiO₂ coating. This paper introduces the concept of eco-friendly concrete and summarizes present technologies and application.

Abstract: Since the relationship between supply and demand of natural resources is on edge in the long run, the traditional extensive growth mode of economic development needs changing. Cement is widely used in construction. Producing cement needs large amount of natural resources and releases high waste emissions. By using Material Flow Analysis, the inputs and outputs of each part of manufacturing are analyzed scientifically and the inputs, outputs and efficiency indicators are accounted. The main hidden flows come from energy consumption, and the main harmful waste is CO₂ which comes from fuel combustion and CaCO₃ decomposition. Improving resource consumption efficiency and reducing CO₂ emission are the key ways to alleviate pressures on the environment.

Abstract: The cost benefit analysis and environmental pollution effects of biofuel (palm oil) and fossil fuel (crude oil) was studied. The study methodology included extensive literature review on relevant publications and laboratory analysis. Important parameters required for emission production and combustion such as CO, CH₄, NOx, PM₁₀, SO_X and CO₂ were analyzed. The combined total of emission production and combustion results indicated that biofuel and fossil fuel have 3.92 and 6.40 of CO; 0.98 and 1.05 of CH₄; 25.23 and 27.54 of NOx, 0.00 and 0.67 of SOx, and 657 and 3564 of CO₂ respectively. Other parameters considered in this study include fuel efficiency, environmental performance, cost benefits analysis and sustainability. From environmental performance comparison, the study indicated that 100% biofuel will cause reduction in greenhouse gases and other polluting emissions. It also indicated that use of palm oil as biofuel may have less impact on human health. The research concludes that raw materials for biofuel production can be readily cultivated in Nigeria, particularly in the South-East and South-South and its usage will compliment the use of fossil energy and greatly reduced environmental impact of fossil fuel.

Abstract: Based on producing and manufacturing process of key components, a light-duty battery electric passenger vehicle was selected as a research object, and the energy consumption and environmental emissions from raw materials production, electric vehicle manufacture and operation process in depth were analyzed. The results showed that, the energy consumption for the whole life cycle of EV was 438GJ. The production and operation process of EV accounted for 18.5% and 81.5%, respectively. The GHGs (including CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O) emission was 39.3tCO₂-eq. The production and operation processed of EV account for 17% and 83%, respectively. Five kinds of other gases emissions from the production and operation process of EV were as follows: 305kg SO_x, 206kg NO_x, 133kg PM, 69.3kg CO, and 14.6kg NMVOCs. The production and manufacture of key parts and components account for the largest share of the total energy consumption and environmental emissions. Battery system is in the next place, while motor system is least.

Abstract: Eco-audit is a tool to find the environmental impact of the product across all life cycle stages and for identify the problems in all aspects of a supply chain, from extraction of raw materials to manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal. The purpose of an analysis of a product is to establish the embodied energy, water usage, annual CO₂ to atmosphere, carbon foot print, recycle fraction in current supply, toxicity, approximate processing energy and sustainability criteria. Knowledges to guide design decisions are needed to minimize or eliminate adverse eco-impacts. In eco-audit analysis, will be created material charts, processes selection and life cycle analysis allowing alternative design choices to meet the engineering requirements and reduce the environmental impact. The application presented in this paper uses only environmentally friendly properties of Ashby's database.