https://www.scientific.net/SSP Latest Results for Solid State Phenomena en-us https://www.scientific.net https://www.scientific.net/Image/JournalCover/2 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.-1 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br /> <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.3 10.4028/p-uTqpE5 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Hao Long Chen, Xun Ping Wang <br />Lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4) exhibits photoluminescence and energy conversion properties under light or electromagnetic irradiation, and has been applied in phosphors, scintillators, and photocatalysis, making it one of the smart photo-functional materials. Under the requirements of a low-carbon society and environmental conditions, low energy consumption material processes have become the focus of research. Lanthanum acetate [La(CH3COO)3] and ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) were used as precursor solutions. Under a fixed ultrasonic frequency of 35 kHz, lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4) nanoparticles were synthesized by varying the precursor solution temperature (26 °C and 50 °C), reaction time (30 min and 50 min), and intermittent irradiation conditions (5 s on / 55 s off). The crystalline structure of the powders was identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), while the crystal morphology and particle size distribution were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that this process can synthesize lanthanum vanadate (LaVO4) nanopowders under low-temperature and energy efficiency conditions, with rod-like morphologies and grain sizes of approximately 20–100 nm. This study also found that obtaining particles with a uniform and fine grain size is more difficult without the addition of coordination compounds and surfactants. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.9 10.4028/p-pKGSl4 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Kawther M. Musthafa, Azura Hamzah, Ooi Wei Ling, Ahmad Haziq Aiman Rosol, Nur Najahatul Huda Saris <br />This study reports the synthesis and comprehensive characterization of V2ZnC-PVA saturable absorbers (SAs) fabricated via solution-casting methods. The thin films were examined for their structural, chemical, and optical properties to evaluate their suitability for ultrafast photonic applications. Surface morphology and thickness were assessed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and 3D laser scanning microscopy, while elemental composition and crystallinity were confirmed through energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Raman spectral analysis, through its molecular vibration signatures, verified both the preservation of the MAX-phase structure and the overall stability of the films. Optical characterization revealed distinct behaviours: linear absorption measurements confirmed high transparency with adjustable absorption profiles, whereas nonlinear experiments conducted with a twin-balanced detector demonstrated pronounced saturable absorption, achieving modulation depths above 12 % and saturation intensities in the order of kW·cm-2. Together, these findings demonstrate that V2ZnC-PVA saturable absorbers are suitable for ultrafast photonics, especially in passive Q-switching and mode-locking, because of their strong nonlinear response, uniform morphology, and superior resistance to optical damage with a high damage threshold. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.15 10.4028/p-zX3M4A Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Kais Daoudi, Soumya Columbus, Krithikadevi Ramachandran, My Ali El Khakani, Mounir Gaidi <br />The nanofabrication of long-range ordered metal nanostructures has garnered significant research attention in the advancement of plasmonic-assisted sensor development. In this study, we report efficient nanofabrication of silver arrays on Teflon (Tef/Ag) for fabricating a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensor for detecting multiple pollutants. The number of laser pulses was systematically varied from 200 to 10000 to study its impact on the morphological features of Ag nanoarrays. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and UV-visible spectroscopy were employed to study the morphological and optical characteristics, respectively. The physical properties were then correlated to their corresponding sensing activities. The number of laser pulses was optimized to achieve the highest SERS sensing efficiency. The sensor fabricated at 5000 laser pulses exhibited the highest SERS enhancement, attributed to the formation of a highly dense metal nano-island formation (Fig. 1a). Compared to silicon and quartz, Teflon provided the best substrate for achieving the highest SERS enhancement. An enhancement factor of 3.1 × 107 has been estimated for Teflon/Ag sensor, which showed superior efficiency of the fabricated sensor. The reproducibility of the sensor showed relative standard deviation values of 9.1%. The sensor was further validated for the detection of various environmental pollutants, demonstrating its potential as a flexible, reusable and efficient platform for environmental monitoring. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.21 10.4028/p-Q4JnXE Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Yung Sen Lin, Gong Min Zhang <br />The facile, fast and cost effective atmospheric-pressure cold plasma-assisted aerosol deposition (APCP-AAD) method is investigated to synthesize dual-band electrochromic (DB-EC) chloro-nitro-organo-tungsten oxide (WOxCyNz1Clz2) films with independently selective visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light. DB-EC WOxCyNz1Clz2 film can be switched by three changed EC modes including bright, cool and dark states by adjusting various electrical potentials to correspond the favorites and comfort of construction residents and reduce energy consumption for lighting and heat management. High optical modulation in VIS light ΔTbright to dark, 600 nm up to 67.4% and in NIR light ΔTbright to dark, 1,000 nm up to 72.4%, and fast response times in coloring duration up to 5.0 s and in bleaching duration up to 1.2 s. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.27 10.4028/p-taxnS0 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Nur Najahatul Huda Saris, Takaaki Ishigure, Toshimi Fukui, Azura Hamzah, Toshifumi Horie, Yurie Yoshida <br />This study investigated the absorption spectra of rare earth metal (REM) doped polymer composite material, specifically Europium Aluminum-doped Benzyl Methacrylate (Eu-Al/BzMA), which were ascertained from a 0.56-cm bulk sample. The results revealed the most intense peak at 395 nm induced by the Eu3+ ion absorption. Under 350-nm UV light excitation, Eu-Al/BzMA exhibited sharp red emission at 617 nm corresponding to the 5D₀→7F₂ transition. The absorption cross sections were determined as 5.62 × 10-22 cm2 for the signal and 6.1 × 10-22 cm2 for the pump. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Eu-Al/BzMA is a promising gain medium for highly efficient active devices in visible-range applications. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.33 10.4028/p-RC6aLB Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Kanat Anurakparadorn, Kamtorn Sukpimai <br />This study explores the incorporation of multilayer Ti3C2Tx MXene into a polyacrylate-based photocurable resin for stereolithography (SLA). Composites with 3–10 wt% MXene were fabricated and characterized for microstructure, electrical, mechanical, and dimensional accuracy. SEM and XRD confirmed successful MXene formation with partial agglomeration. Electrical conductivity improved up to 8 wt% loading but declined at 10 wt% due to filler aggregation. Mechanical testing showed reduced strength and stiffness but increased ductility with higher MXene content. Optical microscopy revealed high printing resolution, with ~3% error at the top surfaces and ~13% at the bottom. These results demonstrate the feasibility of SLA-printed MXene composites while highlighting the need for optimized dispersion to balance performance. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.39 10.4028/p-qlbXQ3 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Sangyup Lee, Paul Maldonado Nogales, Seunga Yang, Soon Ki Jeong <br />This study investigates the effect of electrolyte concentration on the crystal structure and electrochemical performance of copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) as an electrode material for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. CuHCF electrodes were tested in ZnCl2 electrolytes with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 10.0 mol dm⁻3. Electrochemical analyses—including linear sweep voltammetry and galvanostatic cycling—revealed a strong dependence of capacity and cycling stability on electrolyte concentration. The 1.0 M electrolyte exhibited superior initial capacity, whereas the 10.0 M electrolyte demonstrated enhanced capacity retention during prolonged cycling. X-ray diffraction showed that higher concentrations suppressed Zn-ion substitution in the CuHCF lattice, thereby improving structural stability. These findings suggest that careful tuning of electrolyte concentration is critical for balancing initial performance and long-term durability in CuHCF-based zinc-ion batteries. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.47 10.4028/p-BxTq76 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Panida Charnkeitkong, Siriporn Sripiboon <br />Copper is a valuable industrial metal, extensively utilized in its pure form due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivities. It plays a vital role in a wide range of applications, including refrigeration systems, coin and jewelry manufacturing, strain gauges, thermocouples, and more. However, in its ionic form, copper (particularly as Cu2+) can be toxic, especially when present in industrial effluents and wastewater streams. Therefore, the effective adsorption of cupric ions (Cu2+) is a critical environmental and technological concern addressed in this study. From this work, tissue paper pulp waste, chitosan derived from frozen food industry byproducts, and chitosan-coated pulp waste were developed as modified adsorbents for Cu2+ removal from aqueous solutions. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis revealed that chitosan exhibited the highest porosity, while the chitosan-coated pulp provided a well-balanced structure with enhanced functional properties. Under controlled experimental conditions, all three materials demonstrated significant Cu2+ removal efficiency, with the chitosan-coated pulp slightly outperforming the others. These findings highlight the potential of chitosan-coated pulp waste as a low-cost, sustainable, and highly effective adsorbent for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated wastewater. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.55 10.4028/p-Eljy1q Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Mariela Ganeva Minova, Irena Georgieva Markovska, Adriana Asenova Georgieva, Fila Slavova Yovkova <br />The proposed work shows a way to synthesize blue ceramic pigments. All pigments are synthesized by the method of solid-phase synthesis. Both pure and waste materials were used as raw materials. The optimal conditions for synthesis are determined. The mixtures were sintered at temperatures of 1350 °С and 1400 °С with one hour isothermal hold. The high-temperature solid-phase synthesis was carried out in a Nabertherm furnace. The chromophore used to acquire the blue color of the pigments is Co, introduced into the batches as Co2O3. The amount of the chromophore is 5%. Finely dispersed pigments with a blue color were obtained, obtained from pure and waste raw materials. In the first series, pure Al2O3 and SiO2, introduced into the batches as amorphous SiO2.nH2O, were used as starting raw materials, since it is significantly more reactive than ordinary crystalline quartz. In the second series, Al2O3 and ash from oxidized rice husk were used, which contain 94.47% SiO2. The color characteristics of the pigments obtained in this way were determined - color, brightness, color hue using the CIELab system, which gives a numerical expression of the visual sensation of color. It was shown that the best color characteristics are those of the pigments synthesized from pure raw materials at 1350 ºС, with 1 hour of isothermal holding, respectively (a) = -4.1 and (b) = -39.2. The obtained pigments were studied by several methods - SEM, X-ray diffraction, and HSМ. The SEM performed shows that clusters are formed in the pigments synthesized with RHA. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.63 10.4028/p-Z2aV61 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): R. Tejas, Niranjan Hiremath, Avinash Lakshmikanthan, V. Shamanth <br />This work examines the effects of environmental and electrochemical conditions on the Time to Failure (TTF) and the Embrittlement Index (EI) of S2507 stainless steel and observes the alterations in microstructure which occurred before and on solution annealing. Experimental evidence demonstrates that high degradation of the material is caused by differences in the electrochemical potentials and exposures to corrosive conditions. The possible connection between TTF, EI and the material degradation is discussed with an emphasis on the influence of electrochemical stress on the progression of the hydrogen embrittlement. Also, examination of microstructures with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used, offering an explanation of alterations in grain architecture and morphological distribution before and after solution annealing, which plays the role of explaining the behavior of the material at stresses. The results have noted that environmental and electrochemical conditions should be optimized to improve the durability of S2507 stainless steel. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.73 10.4028/p-4IrplD Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): M. S. Vinod Kumar, R. Sureshr, N. Jegadeeswaran <br />Alloy-based turbine components operate under extremely high temperatures and corrosive conditions, which often lead to surface degradation and material deterioration. To enhance their durability, these components are typically protected by cermet coatings that act as a barrier against harsh operating environments. This study investigates the influence of carbide alloy powder coating (WC-Co + 70% NiCrBSi) on Ti-31 special alloy and evaluates its effectiveness in resisting hot corrosion. Both uncoated Ti-31 and WC-Co + 70 wt.% NiCrBSi coated Ti-31 specimens were subjected to hot corrosion testing in a molten salt (Na2SO4 + 60% V2O5) environment. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the cumulative weight gain per unit area for the coated Ti-31 sample decreased by 94.6% compared to the uncoated sample. Microstructural examinations using SEM/EDS and XRD confirmed that the oxide scale formed on the coated specimen was protective in nature, effectively preventing the penetration of corrosive reaction products into the substrate. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.85 10.4028/p-DYs8dc Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Erwin Erwin, Yefri Chan, Didik Sugiyanto, Juan Pratama, Trisna Ardi Wiradinata <br />There is a need to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance by reducing the harmful lead content. Adding nickel as a solid solution strengthening element will improve the microstructure and reduce the corrosion rate. However, nickel's mechanism and solubility limits in the copper-zinc matrix are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine the effect of nickel addition of 1% to 4% on solid solution strengthening, microstructural modification, and increasing the corrosion resistance of recycled brass alloys. The methods used include preparing alloy samples through melting and permanent casting, and characterization using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and corrosion testing. The results showed that adding nickel significantly increased the crystallite size and yield strength through a solid solution strengthening mechanism. The corrosion rate decreased linearly with increasing nickel content, indicating the role of nickel as an effective corrosion inhibitor. The main conclusion is that nickel can improve recycled brass's mechanical performance and corrosion resistance, significantly contributing to developing environmentally friendly and durable metal alloys for sustainable manufacturing applications. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.97 10.4028/p-8zpK1B Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Wen Hsien Kao, Bo Yu Chen <br />CHx-TiNbAlN coatings were deposited on WC turning tools and silicon wafers using a radio frequency unbalanced magnetron sputtering system with acetylene fluxes in the range of 4 to 12 sccm. The hardness of the coatings decreased with an increasing acetylene flux. By contrast, the H/E ratio increased as the acetylene flux increased and reached a value of 0.097 for the CH12-TiNbAlN coating. The CH12-TiNbAlN coating was found to improve the wear resistance of the turning tool by around 15% compared to that of an uncoated tool. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.103 10.4028/p-l0ZxOx Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Wen Hsien Kao, Yang Ci Cian <br />NbCx coatings were deposited on SKH51 substrates by RF magnetron sputtering with different acetylene fluxes. The XRD analysis results showed that the crystalline structure of the coatings changed from NbC phase to amorphous phase as the acetylene flux increased. The coating hardness decreased, whereas the adhesion strength increased, with an increasing carbon content. The average friction coefficient of the coatings decreased as the carbon content increased. The coating deposited with an acetylene flux of 8 sccm showed the highest H/E ratio (0.073) and adhesion strength (HF 1) of all the coatings. Consequently, the coating exhibited the best tribological properties, including the lowest friction coefficient and lowest wear depth and wear rate, under normal loads of 2, 5 and 8 N, respectively. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200 https://www.scientific.net/SSP.394.109 10.4028/p-tcEcX1 Publication date: 22 June 2026 <br />Source: Solid State Phenomena Vol. 394 <br />Author(s): Kadek Wahyudi, Khasani Khasani, Kusmono Kusmono <br />The development of durable hydrophobic coatings remains a significant challenge for industrial applications. This study addresses this by fabricating EP/modified-SiO2 coatings. The silica nanoparticles (SiO2) were first surface-functionalized with 3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to enhance compatibility. The fabricated coatings were comprehensively characterized to assess their hydrophobic properties through water contact angle (WCA) measurements, surface morphology via roughness analysis, and chemical composition using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The findings indicate that the coating with an M-SiO2 to EP ratio of 2:1 exhibited superior performance, achieving the highest water contact angle of 123±1° and a surface roughness (Ra) of approximately 15.357 μm. FT-IR analysis confirmed the successful chemical modification of the nanoparticles, as evidenced by the disappearance of the characteristic -OH peak at 3348 cm-1. These results suggest that the 2:1 ratio promotes an optimal surface morphology conducive to the Cassie-Baxter wetting state, thereby enhancing hydrophobicity. In contrast, a higher nanoparticle content was found to induce aggregation, which detrimentally affected the coating's hydrophobic performance. <br /> <br /> Mon, 22 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0200 Thu, 2 Jul 2026 07:32:33 +0200