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The average grain diameter was approximately 19.1 mm.
For the grains whose basal planes oriented near the ND, extension twinning can be active under both RD and TD compression because in either case the grains tend to be subjected to tensile stresses along the c axes.
In contrast, for the grains whose basal planes oriented near the TD, the stress state would be different between RD and TD compression.
Specifically, the grains tend to be subjected to tensile and compressive stresses in the c axes under RD and TD compression, respectively.
This study was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (KAKENHI) Grant number 20H02480 and the Amada Foundation Grant number AF-2019004-A3.

The lattice thermal conductivity was remarkably decreased at 50 or 75 mol%GeTe by synergy effect of solid solution and grain boundaries.
Phonon is scattered by substitute elements, grain boundaries and so on.
This tendency is similar to the effects of grain boundaries for PbTe reported by Yoneda et al [2].
Therefore carrier scattering of 75 mol%GeTe is mainly caused by grain boundaries.
The lattice thermal conductivity was decreased at 50, 75 mol%GeTe by synergy effect of solid solution and grain boundary.

The morphology analysis on the microstructure of samples were observed ]using scanning electron microscope (SEM) model InTouchScope JSM-IT100 and grains or particles were discovered on the micrograph and the average grain size was determined by using equation N = 2n-1 which N represent Number of grains intercept per µm and n is Grain size number.
When the composite grains are pressurized, the force exerted on them causes the grains to move and produce a rearrangement.
The grains are not soft enough in compaction and lead to low in density.
Fig. 10. shows the average grain intercept (AGI) with different percentage of PVA.
Average grain intercept with different wt.% of PVA.

Ultrafine-grained (UFG) and nanostructured metals and alloys gain very high strength, but relatively low tensile ductility at room temperature (RT) [[] C.C.
Koch, Optimization of strength and ductility in nanocrystallline and ultrafine- grained materials ,Scripta Mater. 49 (2003) 657–662. ].
In general, the microstructure of the ECAPed material shows non-equilibrium condition characterized by a high dislocation density and a large number of low angle grain boundaries [[] S.D.
However, an increase in the pressing temperature leads to larger grain sizes.
The increase in hardness is due to the fragmentation of the precipitates, increase in the dislocation density and grain refinement [[] S.

With the continuation of cutting, the bond bridges between the sand grains break.
Then, the sand grains extrude into the tool surface under the effect of friction force and a large amount of grains produce in the form of chips.
Due to the friction of grain chips on the tool surface, cutting heat generates under dry cutting condition.
Tool wear mechanism based on a single grain.
Liu: TSINGHUA Science and Technology Vol. 14(2009), Number S1, p.212

The ratio of atoms ordered in crystalline structure (it means in grains) to atoms located at the grain boundaries is much lower than for usual material.
The nanomaterial is usually formed by grains which width is in the same order as their size.
Top-down way is prefered by for engineers and lays in reduction of grain size in bulk material to nanoscale.
The structure is even more homogenous, with reduced number of residual pores compared to nanopowders prepared by selective leaching.
Rusz et al., Increase of efficiency of the ECAP technology at grain refinement of the alloy AlMn1Cu.

Fine grain zone (FGHAZ) consists of fine granular bainite and ferrite, as displayed in Fig. 7(c) while coarse grain zone (CGHAZ) is composed of M/A with large granular bainite, as shown in Fig. 7(b) and Fig. 8(b).
For Fig.7(f), fine grain zone (FGHAZ) is composed of fine granular bainite and ferrite.
Coarse grain zone (CGHAZ) is composed of large-size granular bainite, ferrite and M/A, as displayed in Fig. 7(e) and Fig. 8(d).
Fine grain zone (FGHAZ) is composed of fine and homogeneous granular bainite and ferrite, as shown in Fig. 7(i).
Displayed in Fig. 7(h) and Fig. 8(f), the coarse grain zone (CGHAZ) is composed of granular bainite, ferrite and small amount of M/A.

The growth of the new grains depends on both the mean stored energy and on the frequency of new grains re-acquiring a low mobility boundary by meeting similar orientations in the deformed state [5 - 7].
The influence of the particles depends on a number of factors and, in particular, on whether the particles are present during deformation or whether they form during the subsequent anneal before recrystallization occurs.
At 823K during 6000 s shaped grains with high precipitates dispersion is observed (fig. 1d).
That process in the Al-Mg-Zr alloys in study shows more notable, leading to fine grain structure after the thermal treatment.
Cahn: Recrystallization, Grain Growth and Textures, Ed.

The surface morphology, grain size and porosity ratio of the samples prepared under various temperatures were also investigated.
As a result, the presence of MgB4 causes a loose connection between grain boundaries.
The observation of actual grain spacing, sizes, distribution of grains and empty spaces was not obvious due to the complexity of the fractured surfaces.
Under the Tconset, the current percolate through superconducting MgB2 phases and the slope in this part mainly determined by superconducting MgB2 phases and consequently by their grain connectivity, grain size, porosity and purity.
Acknowledgements This research is partially supported by TUBITAK (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey) project number TBAG-2031.

Plasma-chemical powders are characterized by high agglomeration of powder particles [24], as well as by the presence of a large number of hollow spheroids, which at the compaction and sintering stage adversely affect the characteristics of the finished ceramics.
At the same time sizes of at least 200 grains in each photo were determined.
The grain size was determined by analyzing micrographs using the secant method.
At a short-term elevated temperature, the growth of grains activated by an electron beam were observed, and at the next stage, at a reduced temperature, the grain sizes were preserved.
Vasylkiv, Grain boundary diffusion driven spark plasma sintering of nanocrystalline zirconia, Ceram.