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Online since: October 2011
Authors: Yang Li, Guo Hua Qiao, Jin Hua Li
Data of numbers of methanogens, fungi, ciliate and cellulolytic indicated that they were linearly decreased by addition of FLLE (p<0.05).
Addition of FLLE to diet increased diet nutrients digestibility and slaughtered body weight gain in sheep according to the results of Qiao et al (unpublished data).
Statistical analysis Data of in vitro experiments were analyzed using a completely randomized design.
The data were analyzed by a general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS, 2003).
Therefore, the reduction of ammonia concentration by FLLE supplementation may be due to the inhibition of bacteria and protozoa.
Addition of FLLE to diet increased diet nutrients digestibility and slaughtered body weight gain in sheep according to the results of Qiao et al (unpublished data).
Statistical analysis Data of in vitro experiments were analyzed using a completely randomized design.
The data were analyzed by a general linear model procedure of SAS (SAS, 2003).
Therefore, the reduction of ammonia concentration by FLLE supplementation may be due to the inhibition of bacteria and protozoa.
Online since: November 2012
Authors: Janis Andersons, E. Spārniņš, Ugis Cabulis, U. Stirna
The obtained indentation displacement data were used to correct the CT load-displacement curves, by subtracting them from the CT specimen displacement data.
Data reduction According to [2], fracture toughness is expressed via the critical load and specimen dimensions as follows: (1) where B and W designate the thickness and width of a specimen, a is the pre-crack length (see Fig. 1), and .
The critical load is determined using the following procedure: a) first, the compliance of a specimen is evaluated based on a linear fit of the load-displacement data within a load interval of 0.25 to 0.5, where designates the maximum load; b) then the intersection point of the experimental load-displacement curve and the line that corresponds to a 5 % higher compliance is found.
Data reduction According to [2], fracture toughness is expressed via the critical load and specimen dimensions as follows: (1) where B and W designate the thickness and width of a specimen, a is the pre-crack length (see Fig. 1), and .
The critical load is determined using the following procedure: a) first, the compliance of a specimen is evaluated based on a linear fit of the load-displacement data within a load interval of 0.25 to 0.5, where designates the maximum load; b) then the intersection point of the experimental load-displacement curve and the line that corresponds to a 5 % higher compliance is found.
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Ze Jun Liu, Ya Guo, Qi Wang Yuan, Bao Hai Chen, Xiang Yang Gu, Zhi Jun Hu
Vacuum stack preload
After the completion of the foregoing, start to pump vacuuming .when the vacuumof next film maintained ≥ 80kPA , you can set to heap pressure ,on the first layer 50CM artificial soil to destroy the geomembrane.Until it is stable for 10 days, then layered on soil, up to the design elevation.The speed of soil should controll reduction rate less than 4CM / D, the displacement of side pile less than 5MM / D.Later we adopt continuous vacuum to pressure,under the condition that the vacuum of next film above 80KPA .
Field observations and instrumentation buried In order to obtain measured data to validae and test the reinforcement effect of various design programs and to provide a basis for analysis and research, we lay some test equipment to site observations
Observations show that the depth of vacuum pressure reinforced soft ground is larger, which can eliminate times solid settlement of lower lying parts.while data showed a vacuum pressure also has some influence. to the outside of the reinforcement region
(4) Stratified settlement observation Sedimentation tubes and magnetic holes were sunk deep in the different depth layers to observe.Data shows that the rule of soil settlement variation at different depths is obvious , the upper soil settlement is largest ,sedimentation descending smaller when the soil become deeper
Data show that the horizontal displacement tends venue. 6 .
Field observations and instrumentation buried In order to obtain measured data to validae and test the reinforcement effect of various design programs and to provide a basis for analysis and research, we lay some test equipment to site observations
Observations show that the depth of vacuum pressure reinforced soft ground is larger, which can eliminate times solid settlement of lower lying parts.while data showed a vacuum pressure also has some influence. to the outside of the reinforcement region
(4) Stratified settlement observation Sedimentation tubes and magnetic holes were sunk deep in the different depth layers to observe.Data shows that the rule of soil settlement variation at different depths is obvious , the upper soil settlement is largest ,sedimentation descending smaller when the soil become deeper
Data show that the horizontal displacement tends venue. 6 .
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Fariza binti Mohamad, Junji Sasano, Masanobu Izaki, Mohd Zamzuri
The quality of the Cu2O layer was improved by using an electrochemical heteroepitaxial growth [9], and a photon-assisted electrochemical growth of the ZnO layer without the reduction of Cu2O to metallic Cu was developed [10].
[11] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Powder Diffraction File, International Data for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA, 1992, pp 41-1445
[12] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Powder Diffraction File, International Data for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA, 1992, pp 5-667.
[11] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Powder Diffraction File, International Data for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA, 1992, pp 41-1445
[12] Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, Powder Diffraction File, International Data for Diffraction Data, Newtown Square, PA, 1992, pp 5-667.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: G. Kumaresan, Kalaichelvan Kani
Because commercial superplastic forming processes are performed under multiaxial stress conditions, the material data from the uniaxial tensile tests are insufficient to describe the formability [1, 2, 3].
The data acquisition card has receives the signal from the LVDT, which sends it to the personal computer; then, the computer controls the motion of the motor, which in turn, controls the forming process.
The interface between the sensor, PC and stepper motor is through the data acquisition card.
Table 1 Thermomechanical treatment process parameters Stage Temperature Time Conditions Solution treatment 500°C 1h Furnace cooling to 380°C Overaging 380°C 2.5h Furnace cooling to 190°C Warm rolling 180°C 65-85% Reduction of thickness Recrystallization 500°C 0.5 h Water quench Aging 180°C 1h Water quench Fig 1 Schematic representation of the experimental Setup Experimental procedures.
The volume of deforming material remains constant, which implies that, Єϴ + Єm + Єs = 0 (4) % of major strain = [(major axis – grid circle diameter)/ grid circle diameter] x 100 % of minor strain = [(minor axis – grid circle diameter)/ grid circle diameter] x 100 Results and discussion The forming limit diagram for this alloy was plotted using the experimental data from the superplasic bulge test with combination of the rectangular shape with a dome shape die.
The data acquisition card has receives the signal from the LVDT, which sends it to the personal computer; then, the computer controls the motion of the motor, which in turn, controls the forming process.
The interface between the sensor, PC and stepper motor is through the data acquisition card.
Table 1 Thermomechanical treatment process parameters Stage Temperature Time Conditions Solution treatment 500°C 1h Furnace cooling to 380°C Overaging 380°C 2.5h Furnace cooling to 190°C Warm rolling 180°C 65-85% Reduction of thickness Recrystallization 500°C 0.5 h Water quench Aging 180°C 1h Water quench Fig 1 Schematic representation of the experimental Setup Experimental procedures.
The volume of deforming material remains constant, which implies that, Єϴ + Єm + Єs = 0 (4) % of major strain = [(major axis – grid circle diameter)/ grid circle diameter] x 100 % of minor strain = [(minor axis – grid circle diameter)/ grid circle diameter] x 100 Results and discussion The forming limit diagram for this alloy was plotted using the experimental data from the superplasic bulge test with combination of the rectangular shape with a dome shape die.
Online since: August 2015
Authors: Kittipong Tonmitr, Eiji Kaneko, Norrawit Tonmitr
This results in reduction of insulator contamination resistance lead to the development of leakage current.
-Then input the data in Fig. 1.
Then input the same data in Fig.1 or 2 to the equivalent circuit of (5-6-7 contaminated insulators/string) with or without guard ring.
Data from TINA simulation (Clean condition) A (Clean condition) B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 66.92 C(Without Guard ring) string efficiency = 58.45 B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 53.71 E (Clean condition) F(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 90.42 G(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 87.03 H(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 78.35 Table 2.
Data from TINA simulation (With wetted water contamination condition) A(Contamination condition) B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 98.33 C(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 97.13 D(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 95.44 E(Contamination condition) F(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.79 G(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.66 H(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.62 Acknowledgements The authors express the appreciation to the KKU & RYUKYUS High Voltage Engineering Laboratory that supported TINA-EMTP Program and laboratory equipments.
-Then input the data in Fig. 1.
Then input the same data in Fig.1 or 2 to the equivalent circuit of (5-6-7 contaminated insulators/string) with or without guard ring.
Data from TINA simulation (Clean condition) A (Clean condition) B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 66.92 C(Without Guard ring) string efficiency = 58.45 B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 53.71 E (Clean condition) F(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 90.42 G(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 87.03 H(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 78.35 Table 2.
Data from TINA simulation (With wetted water contamination condition) A(Contamination condition) B(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 98.33 C(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 97.13 D(Without Guard ring) String efficiency = 95.44 E(Contamination condition) F(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.79 G(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.66 H(With Guard ring) String efficiency = 99.62 Acknowledgements The authors express the appreciation to the KKU & RYUKYUS High Voltage Engineering Laboratory that supported TINA-EMTP Program and laboratory equipments.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Xin Janet Ge
Introduction
A carbon pricing scheme (also called ‘carbon tax’) is one of the greenhouse emission reduction schemes introduced on 01 July 2012 in Australia.
Table 1 presents the data sources, data period, measurements and basic statistical analysis used for the study.
Table 1: Data Information Two linear regression models were derived using the SPSS software and the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Statistical Results Australian census 2011 data is employed to analyse the effects of carbon tax that reduces household expenditure.
Table 1 presents the data sources, data period, measurements and basic statistical analysis used for the study.
Table 1: Data Information Two linear regression models were derived using the SPSS software and the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2: Statistical Results Australian census 2011 data is employed to analyse the effects of carbon tax that reduces household expenditure.
Online since: October 2007
Authors: Won Beom Kim, Jeom Kee Paik
Introduction
Recently, total amount of TMCP steel application in ships or offshore industry is increased from the
advantages of weldability and weight reduction effect etc.
It can be seen from Fig. 7 that da/dN-∆K data in air condition are plotted almost on one line.
From the da/dN-△K data in seawater condition, it is obvious that the data of the synthetic seawater condition are much more scattered than those of air condition.
SCE) Fig. 7 Corrosion fatigue crack propagation data da/dN-∆K for 490MPa TMCP steel the tip of the crack, corrosive dissolution etc. are thought to be related to the crack propagation behavior in seawater condition.
It can be seen from Fig. 7 that da/dN-∆K data in air condition are plotted almost on one line.
From the da/dN-△K data in seawater condition, it is obvious that the data of the synthetic seawater condition are much more scattered than those of air condition.
SCE) Fig. 7 Corrosion fatigue crack propagation data da/dN-∆K for 490MPa TMCP steel the tip of the crack, corrosive dissolution etc. are thought to be related to the crack propagation behavior in seawater condition.
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Lan Zhu Ren, Li Liu, Zheng Chi Ren
Figure 1 Clamping method for testing
Spring pre-compression of 3mm (rubber plate: 485 × 285 × 40)
shear stiffness testing data of a spring under the normal pressure
Table1 First shear stiffness testing data of a spring under the normal pressure
Sequence
number
Shear force(KN)
Tangential displacement X(mm)
Stiffness K(KN/mm)
1
8.24
1
4.12
2
11.2
1.5
3.73
3
13.72
2
3.43
4
16.2
2.5
3.24
5
17.7
3
2.95
6
19.8
3.5
2.83
Note: K = P / (2X), G = KL / A, where, L: rubber thickness, A: Rubber board area.
Positive pressure test Table 2 Testing data of the normal pressure Sequence number force(KN) displacement(mm) 1 2.84 1 2 6.8 2 3 8.66 3 4 11.8 4 5 14.84 5 6 17.6 6 As can be seen from Table 2, when the direct pressure area is 230 × 130, with the increase of positive pressure, displacement also increased.
The impact of temperature on the spring stiffness test Table3 Data of the average stiffness for springs Temperature(℃) Average stiffness(KN/mm) 40 2.54 37 2.36 34 2.30 32 2.34 25 2.48 As can be seen from Table 3, For the using of the rubber spring in this experiment, which increases the temperature of 25 ℃, 32 ℃, 34 ℃, 37 ℃, 40 ℃, the maximum temperature is 40 ℃, These temperatures can meet rubber spring conditions. and in these temperatures, the average stiffness of rubber spring have little change, indicating that in this temperature range, the spring stiffness does not change much, spring is working normally.
Figure 5 Dynamic stiffness of springs varying with the deformation at a frequency of 5Hz Sequence Number Frep K-DYN ANGLE C-FOU TAN TRANSM F-DYN S-DYN 1 5.0 4271.23 7.97 19.04 0.14 0.00 9299.35 1.46 2 5.0 4319.41 8.00 19.33 0.14 0.00 7824.83 1.22 3 5.0 4376.26 8.28 20.28 0.15 0.00 6354.92 0.97 4 5.0 6619.59 8.46 31.36 0.15 0.00 4870.41 0.74 5 5.0 6782.06 8.81 33.46 0.15 0.00 3333.32 0.49 6 5.0 7091.00 9.81 39.04 0.17 0.00 1765.07 0.25 As can be seen from Table 5, the frequency remains unchanged, with the reduction of applied force ,the dynamic stiffness of rubber spring also increased.
Positive pressure test Table 2 Testing data of the normal pressure Sequence number force(KN) displacement(mm) 1 2.84 1 2 6.8 2 3 8.66 3 4 11.8 4 5 14.84 5 6 17.6 6 As can be seen from Table 2, when the direct pressure area is 230 × 130, with the increase of positive pressure, displacement also increased.
The impact of temperature on the spring stiffness test Table3 Data of the average stiffness for springs Temperature(℃) Average stiffness(KN/mm) 40 2.54 37 2.36 34 2.30 32 2.34 25 2.48 As can be seen from Table 3, For the using of the rubber spring in this experiment, which increases the temperature of 25 ℃, 32 ℃, 34 ℃, 37 ℃, 40 ℃, the maximum temperature is 40 ℃, These temperatures can meet rubber spring conditions. and in these temperatures, the average stiffness of rubber spring have little change, indicating that in this temperature range, the spring stiffness does not change much, spring is working normally.
Figure 5 Dynamic stiffness of springs varying with the deformation at a frequency of 5Hz Sequence Number Frep K-DYN ANGLE C-FOU TAN TRANSM F-DYN S-DYN 1 5.0 4271.23 7.97 19.04 0.14 0.00 9299.35 1.46 2 5.0 4319.41 8.00 19.33 0.14 0.00 7824.83 1.22 3 5.0 4376.26 8.28 20.28 0.15 0.00 6354.92 0.97 4 5.0 6619.59 8.46 31.36 0.15 0.00 4870.41 0.74 5 5.0 6782.06 8.81 33.46 0.15 0.00 3333.32 0.49 6 5.0 7091.00 9.81 39.04 0.17 0.00 1765.07 0.25 As can be seen from Table 5, the frequency remains unchanged, with the reduction of applied force ,the dynamic stiffness of rubber spring also increased.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Di Di Xue, Zhi Wen Cheng, Xin Wang
The simulation results showed that the system running 10 years in cold regions without significant reduction in soil temperature, but also for the heat load of the building only , this system compared with conventional systems , the average soil temperature will be higher than 4 ℃ ~ 6 ℃, making the system more efficient, can effectively solve the severe cold and cold regions of geothermal ground source heat pump system imbalance.
Experimental study In order to study the operation of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions of Turkey, Omer et. al [5] established a depth of 53m of vertical ground heat exchanger pipe used in the experiment , analyzes operational data in February 2007 to May heating period , draw : The system takes heat from the soil in winter more than the summer heat release , the heat transfer process in the soil , soil resistance great influence , and buried depth , diameter, number of tube group , buried form , pitch pipe and soil types on soil resistance influential .
Luo et. al [6] experimental study of soil stratification conditions Shimoji heat exchanger heat transfer performance , the soil in the experiment is divided into five levels , each different thermal properties of soil , groundwater different content , and made a point based on the experimental data model of heat exchange layer soil ground heat .
Wang Huajun et. al [8] on soil temperature measured field data , Hebei Province, a ground source heat pump system for analysis , pointing out that the accumulation of heat imbalance is to take place a long-term effect , change and building energy characteristics with the soil temperature field has a close relationship.
Zhang and Wei [10] through a residential building in Jiangsu Province, ground source heat pump system is running a three-year analysis of the data found that the building cooling load in summer and winter heating load is greater than, causing the system to heat the soil after three years in operation does not equilibrium rate reached 33%, the corresponding temperature rise geotechnical 1.5℃–2℃, seriously affecting the efficiency of the system . 4.
Experimental study In order to study the operation of ground source heat pump systems in cold regions of Turkey, Omer et. al [5] established a depth of 53m of vertical ground heat exchanger pipe used in the experiment , analyzes operational data in February 2007 to May heating period , draw : The system takes heat from the soil in winter more than the summer heat release , the heat transfer process in the soil , soil resistance great influence , and buried depth , diameter, number of tube group , buried form , pitch pipe and soil types on soil resistance influential .
Luo et. al [6] experimental study of soil stratification conditions Shimoji heat exchanger heat transfer performance , the soil in the experiment is divided into five levels , each different thermal properties of soil , groundwater different content , and made a point based on the experimental data model of heat exchange layer soil ground heat .
Wang Huajun et. al [8] on soil temperature measured field data , Hebei Province, a ground source heat pump system for analysis , pointing out that the accumulation of heat imbalance is to take place a long-term effect , change and building energy characteristics with the soil temperature field has a close relationship.
Zhang and Wei [10] through a residential building in Jiangsu Province, ground source heat pump system is running a three-year analysis of the data found that the building cooling load in summer and winter heating load is greater than, causing the system to heat the soil after three years in operation does not equilibrium rate reached 33%, the corresponding temperature rise geotechnical 1.5℃–2℃, seriously affecting the efficiency of the system . 4.