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Certain elements (Ca, Si) can reduce such problems by influencing the ash chemistry resulting in an increase of the ash melting temperature and a reduction of corrosion an fouling through the capture of alkalis in the bottom ash [7,10-12].
Element data concentrations below 0.01 wt% in ash are not presented.
However at the optimum primary excess air ratio, the NOx reduction is 60-70%.

After quenching, the materials were cold-rolled on a laboratory rolling mill (roll diameter: 130mm) to a thickness reduction of 70%.
Upon rolling to 70% reduction, the hardness of the low carbon steel increases substantially, rising from HV = 460±5 to HV = 600±5.
Ferrite Rolled As Rolled 550 o C, 60min 650 o C, 15min True Stress (MPa) True Strain 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 Stainless Steel As rolled 550 o C, 60min 650 o C, 15min 750 o C, 15min Carbon Steel As Rolled 550 o C, 30min 650 o C, 30min True Stress (MPa) True Strain 0 4 8 12 16 20 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Stainless Steel Low Carbon Steel Ueji et al. [14] Tensile Strength (MPa) Uniform Elongation (%) (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3: (a) Tensile behaviour for stainless steel cold rolled and annealed starting from both a recrystallized ferritic microstructure (black symbols) and a martensitic structure (white symbols) (b) comparison between the tensile response for martensite rolled stainless and low carbon steels and (c) relationship between tensile strength and uniform elongation for the stainless and carbon steels considered here as well as for data

For the size reduction and the high resonance frequency, the rf-magnetron sputtered ZnO layer is also integrated on the cantilever.
The ZnO layer is integrated as the actuation layer for the size reduction and for the high resonance frequency.
The sharp (002) peak appears around 34.4 o , which is confirmed from JCP-data.

Notice that the carbon solubility are given for the pure metallic elements only because of the lack of experimental data for metal-Si alloys.
For homoepitaxial layers, Al-based melts allow the higher temperature reduction, down to 1100°C.
The resulting highly p-type doped layers have already shown interesting electrical Fig. 5 : Surface morphology of single-domain 3C-SiC layers grown by VLS in a) Si50Ge50 melt at 1250°C, b) Si25Sn75 at 1300°C, b)Si25Ga75 at 1200°C. 50 µm a c 100 µm b characteristics and could be used for reduction of metal contact resistance in bipolar devices.

Lifetime spectra and hardness data were always taken at RT.
(iii) Weak reduction in correspondence with over-ageing (stage of decreasing hardness).
Furthermore, the small reduction in hardness after solution heat treatment at 480 °C and partial melting observed of 500 to 530 °C evidences that a satisfactory thermal processing was not attained on these alloys.

This electronic force model was questioned by Kuhr et al. [16] who pointed out that the concurring electric charge buidup in the SSFs would severely limit the reduction of the effective stacking fault energy, though it was later rebutted by taking into account free-electron screening [17].
We propose that the driving force for the partial dislocation motion arises from the effective SF energy gSF* which is reduced from the SF energy gSF in thermo-equilibrium by an amount proportional to r(I), the density of excitons trapped at the SF, following gSF*= gSF -ar(I). (1) Here a coefficient a related to the depth of SF quantum well (~0.3 eV) represents the efficiency of exciton trapping to the reduction of gSF*.
In the data analysis, we deduced the velocity of the 30º-Si(g) partial dislocation from the evolution speed of the SSF front and the intensity of PL originated in the SSF from the height difference of the PL profiles as shown in Fig. 1(b).

Published data reported a wide variety of improving production costs: from 10% to 50%.
The use of SCC can attempt a reduction in placement cost from 50% to 80%, but this determining factor is used more for the promotion of the building material as labour cost fluctuates from country to country.
Lafarge reported a reduction of construction time of 2,5 month for apartment buildings in Nanterre [19].

The broadening of the diffraction peaks is related both to the reduction in size of the crystallites and to the introduce of stresses during milling.
From the linear data fit, the crystalline size was estimated from the y-intercept, and the strain ε, from the slope of the fit.
The Ms value of Cu50Fe50 nanostructured milled powder is 8.3358 emu, which is nearly 25% of the Fe nanoparticule Ms fabricated by ferrous chloride reduction reported by X.

However, the actual expansion and development in new areas, such as building construction, have been possible thanks to cost reduction on its manufacture.
Sheet fibers are oriented 90° with respect to the longitudinal axis of the specimen and smoothing in such a way as to avoid the appearance of air bubbles or wrinkles in the fiber that could imply a reduction of the final strength or a double rupture.
The theoretical strength that the CRFP-strengthened concrete set should reach at a certain age can be obtained, according to IEE de Barcelona [13], with the data of the test specimens, concrete and CFRP strengthening.

The data are in the relative units for better comparison of the curves.
On the other hand, dispersion of the photogenerated voltages in the cells within a string leads to reduction in PV conversion efficiency.
Advantage of such an arrangement is reduction of wind pressure on a frame with modules in different tracker positions during a day.