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The Effect of Sputtering Power on the Properties of Zr-Ga Co-doped ZnO Films by DC Magnetron Sputtering Xiaoli Wu1,a, Hui Wang1,b, Yuzhen Yuan2,*c 1 School of materials Science and Engineering ,Shandong University of Technology, Zibo255049, China; 2 School of Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo255049, China a xiaoxiaoli001@126.com, b wanghui830606@126.com, c yuanyuzhen@sdut.edu.cn Keywords: DC magnetron sputtering, Transparent conductive oxide films, Zr-Ga co-doped, ZnO films, Sputtering power, Electrical and optical properties, XRD, SEM Abstract.
A sintered ceramic sputter target with a mixture of ZnO (99.99% purity), ZrO2 (99.99% purity) and Ga2O3 (99.99% purity) was employed as source material.
Acknowledgements This research was supported by Science Council (Foundation) of ShanDong Province, China.
[3] YUAN Yuzhen, WANG Hui, LIU Hanfa, ZHANG Huafu, LIU Yunyan, "Effects of sputtering power on the structure and photoelectrical properties of Zr, Al co-doped ZnO thin films," Electronic components and materials.
P., "Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of Transparent Conductive ZnO: Ga Films Prepared by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering,"Journal of Crystal Growth.

The reported materials are almost carbon material,[2,3]metallic oxide[4] and conducting polymer.[5,6] MnO2 is a kind of ideal electrode materials for supercapacitor because it has many forms and broad electrochemical reaction window, in addition to it is rich in raw material and harmless to environment.
Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors[J].Nat Mater,2008,7:845-854
Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor Application[J].Phys Chem Chem Phys,2007,9:1774-1785
[3]Zhang L L, Zhao X S .Catbon-based Materials as Supercapacitor Electrodes[J].
Amorphous MnO2 as Electrode Material for Supercapacitor[J].Journal of Functional Materials and Devices,2005,11(1):58-62

With rapid developments of science and technology, the deterministic analysis has been no longer satisfying.
When the materials of the two layers are same, can be obtained from Eq. (15).
Furtermore, Eq. (16) can give the thicknesses of the two layers, and , respectively, when the materials are both known.
Where, and denotes the fuzzy yielding stresses of the inner and outer layer materials.
Journal of Mechanical Strength, Vol. 28(2006 ):695~698 [3] Yu Shaorong.

Lee[6] used an explicit finite element method to simulate the dynamically heald frame plate of carbon fiber epoxy composite materials.
Materials Uni-directional carbon fiber epoxy prepreg (USN200A, SK Chemicals, Qingdao, China ) and woven carbon fiber epoxy prepreg (WSN3KY,SK Chemicals, Qingdao, China) have been used as sandwich skin materials.
All the described materials characteristics are given in Table 1.
References [1] Farough M, Ramin S: Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 2012, 23(15):1679-1697
[5]Hanuman D C, Anupam C, and Mohamad A: Journal of Vibration and Control 2011, 18, 1422–1435

It is an important material for magnetic memory devices.
Purushothaman and G.Muralidharan, "The effect of annealing temperature on the electrochromic properties of nanostructured NiO films," Solar Energy Materials & SolarCells, vol. 93, p. 1195–1201, 2009
Tarascon, "Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries," Nature, vol. 407, pp. 496-499, September 2000
[10] Ying Wu, Yiming He, Tinghua Wu, Weizheng Weng and Huilin Wan, "Effect of synthesis method on the physical and catalytic property of nanosized NiO," Materials Letters, vol. 61, no. 13, pp. 2679-2682, 2007
[13] Ying Wu, Yiming He, Tinghua Wu, Tong Chen, Weizheng Weng and Huilin Wan, "Influence of some parameters on the synthesis of nanosized NiO material by modified sol–gel method," Materials Letters, vol. 61, p. 3174–3178, 2007

Starting materials were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and Fourier Transformed Infra Red.
Results The chemical composition of the materials was determined according to the UNE EN 196 standard, the analysis results are presented in Table 1.
Chemical composition of the used materials.
Materials CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 S- Na2O K2O R.I P.F.
Hale in Journal of Petroleum Science Engineering Vol. 11 (1994), p. 3

On the other hand, the wrought materials for magnesium alloy have also considerable potential due to high ductility and strength than castings.
As one of the wrought materials, twin roll casting process is remarkable [1-3].
Experimental procedure The materials used in this investigation were AZ91die-cast and AZ91 twin roll cast alloys.
Kobayashi, Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 177 (2006), p.534 [3] Ch.
Hunt Journal of Materials Processing Technology 167 (2005), p.62 [4] M.

Experimental Test Material.
MWEDM is to utilize plenty of heat energy, which is produced in impulse spark discharge between the poles, to melt, ablate and vaporize and shoot off electrode materials of work-piece, in order to attain processing aim.
Physical and chemical characteristics of machining materials have direct influence on whether machining is hard or easy and whether machining surface is good or bad.
Popov: Journal of Materials Processing Technology.
Tritschler: International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and Numerical Simulation.

The journal bearings are made of the wear-resisting powder alloy material with good permeability.
On one hand, the damping liquid has an effect of lubrication on the spindle through the aperture gap in the material, which can reduce the friction between the grinding wheel spindle and the journal bearing, improve the stability of the SFD grinding wheel spindle, and extend the service life of it.
This project was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No.59905004).
Roberts: Journal of Tribology, Vol.120 (1988), pp.119
Holmes: Journal of Tribology, Vol.107 (1985), pp.411.

Potoczek PROFESSOR STANISLAW MROWEC Stanislaw Mrowec, born in 1929, is a full professor at the University of Mining and Metallurgy, member of the Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics and bead of the Department of Solid State Chemistry.
Since 1974 be has been a director of the Institute of Materials Science.
He is an author or co-author of more than 200 scientific papers and a member of editorial boards of several international scientific journals, among others : Oxidation of Metals, Solid State Ionics, Review on High Temperature Materials, ...
In addition to the fundamental issues, Professor Mrowec showed vital interest in industrial aspects of materials science and corrosion.
Professor Mrowec has received numerous awards for his scientific achievements, but they by no means are the measure of his contribution to the progress in materials science and solid state chemistry.