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Ni Department of Mechanical Engineering, China University of Science and Technology Taipei 11522, Taiwan cctommykimo@yahoo.com.tw Keywords: Fatigue crack growth; Stochastic model; Random process; 2024-T351 Abstract.
This distinction depends on many factors including component or structure size, material, and methods for detecting cracks etc.
Erdogan: A Critical Analysis of Propagation Laws, Journal of Basic Engineering, Transactions of ASME, Vol. 85, (1963), pp. 528-534
Elber: The Stress Ratio Effect on Fatigue Crack Closure, Damage Tolerance of Aircraft Structures, ASTM STP 486, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1971)
[3] Forman, et al.: Numerical Analysis of Crack Propagation in Cyclic Load Structure, Journal of Basic Engineering, Transaction of ASME, Vol. 89 (1967), pp. 459-465

Development and Design of Cold Radiation Refrigeration Energy Saving Technology of Comfort Air Conditioning Maoren Li Department of Civil Engineering, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, China 1020598821@qq.com Keywords: Cold radiation technology.
This project is mainly used in the comfort air conditioning system, replacing the conventional indoor air conditioning using fan convection cooling form, directly to the traditional air conditioning evaporator by convection heat transfer to type into the radiation heat transfer form, using modern new polymer composite material as the main body of the evaporator, the refrigerant cycle, in the mature theory of refrigeration the design of conventional air conditioning operating conditions of vapor compression on the overall setting of air conditioning design, exploration and design with the radiation air conditioning system technical requirements, the radiant cooling refrigerant system the data acquisition, development and design of intelligent controller and related problem of air conditioner indoor dew point control, thus the formation of completely based on the prototype structure of energy-saving radiation cooling technology of comfort air conditioning.
T., (2009b): Modeling a micro-turbine to power air conditioning system in spark ignition automobiles, International Journal of Engineering, 3 (3) pp. 239-246
T., (2009a): Optimization of Exhaust Gas and Micro-turbine to power air conditioning system in compression ignition automobiles, Global Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2 (2) pp. 315-319
[4] Lorentzen, G. and Pettersen J., (1993): A new efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning, International Journal of Refrigeration, 16, pp.4–12

Bai2,b 1School of Science, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun, 130012, China; 2Changchun institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun,130033,China.
Since Dietl predicted the Curie temperature (Tc) of Mn-doped ZnO could be realized upon room temperature in 2000, many efforts were made to dope transition metal ions into ZnO materials [1-4].
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11104018 and No. 50905174, the science and technology development plan project of Jilin province under Grant No. 201101090, natural science foundation of Jilin province under Grant No. 20101530 and education department of Jilin province under Grant No. 2012284.
Ferrand: Science Vol. 287(2000), p. 1019 [2] Z.
Liu: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials Vol.322 (2010), p. 2395 [5] K.

Numerical Simulation of Casting Thermal Stress and Deformation Based on Finite Difference Method Tao Chen1, a, Dunming Liao1,b and Jianxin Zhou1,c 1 State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.
Stress concentration Fig. 2 Equivalent stress distribution Fig. 3 Casting deformation illustrated with implicit surface Fig. 4 Casting deformation in the experiment Fig. 5 Cracking in the experiment Acknowledgements This work was supported by the following foundations: (1) New Century Excellent Talents in University (NCET) 2010-2012 (2) National Science & Technology Key Projects of Numerical control (2012ZX04014-052) 2011-2013 (3) Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2011TS039) 2011-2012 (4) Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province, China (2010CDA067) 2011-2013 (5) National Science & Technology Key Projects of Numerical control (2012ZX04012-011) 2012-2015 (6) National Science & Technology Key Projects of Numerical control (2012ZX04010-031) 2012-2015 (7) Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2011CDB279) 2012-2013 References [1] B.G.
JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society Vol. 47 (1995), 64-68

Materials and methods Study area.
All containers in contact with the sample were previously washed with deionized water and the river sample in sequence to eliminate disturbance with other organic materials.
Beck: Water science and technology, Vol. 33(1996), p.1 [3] L.X.
Liu: Guangzhou environmental science, Vol. 23(2008), p. 21 [4] J.
Wang: Journal of agricultural environmental science, Vol. 26(2007), p.1386 [8] GB3838-2002.

A flat field observation experiment, eight kinds of measurements of reflection material as a reference, using the prism mode precise loft 40M; loft were placed in the position of different materials for non-prism, carried out measurements on different materials distance of 20 times, each measurement at intervals of not less than 10 seconds and re-sighting the target before each measurement, and its observations to the accuracy of analysis, analyze the results shown in Tab 1.
Tab. 1 The Precision Analysis of ranging using the reflecting targets with different material property material Average/(m) Biggest difference /(mm) Average error /(mm) Value difference between prism and Reflectorless /(mm) RMSE /(mm) Concrete 39.997 6 1.0 3 1.1 wood 39.992 4 0.9 8 1.0 White Ceramic tile 40.002 3 1.0 2 1.1 Gray Ceramic tile 40.002 4 1.0 2 1.3 iron 40.000 5 0.9 0 1.1 clay 39.995 3 0.8 5 1.1 Brick 39.996 6 1.0 4 1.3 White paper 40.000 3 0.8 0 0.9 This can be seen from Tab 1, under the same conditions of the measurement of distance, the internal measurements of several materials, in line with equivalent accuracy, which indicates that the reflection of the laser beam in the surface of the several materials are stable.
Surface roughness of the soil and tile in the above-mentioned materials were significantly higher than ceramic tile, White, and iron plates, but its ranging accuracy is considerable.
Therefore, except special color (black), color of materials ranging accuracy is not obvious.
(3)The color of materials has no significant effect on surveying precision.

Thus, these emerging materials have potential applications in biomimetic devices.
Journal of Renew Energy, 35(10):2325-2334.
Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 40(8):535-558.
Journal of Renewable Energy, 54:248-252.
IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering 24: 2

Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) plays vital roles in food industry, medicine, chemical industry, etc [1,2], as it is cheap, non-toxic, odorless, stable in acid, alkali, electrolytes environment, renewable and biocompatible with many other materials for industrial applications [3].
Material and Methods Materials.Dioscorea alata, provided by College of Agriculture, Hainan University, China; propylene oxide, sodium hydroxide, anhydrous sodium sulfate, hydrochloric acid, ninhydrin, propylene glycol.
The main milling process is as follows: cleared away the sediment from materials, peeled, washed, sliced, soaked in limewater, smashed, sieved, treated in acid and lye, dehydrated, dried.
[6] Dadong Zhan, Wagu Chen, Hongjian Huang: Natural Science Journal of Hainan University.
Vol. 7-9(2011),p.5.( In Chinese) [11] Xuehong Li, Zhongdong Liu, Zhaotan Chen: Journal of Zhengzhou Grain College.

Alomayri et al. [5] fabricated the geopolymer composites using cotton fiber and fly ash as raw materials and the bending strength of the materials could reach 11.5MPa when the fiber content was 0.5%.
Experimental Materials.
Preparation of geopolymer precursors by sol–gel method and their characterization, Journal of Materials Science, 2009, 44 (15):3991-3996
Construction & Building Materials. 2016, 123: 501-507
Microstructure Studies on Different Types of Geopolymer Materials, Applied Mechanics & Materials, 2013, 421:384-389.

The Influence of the Stirrer's Shape and Process Parameter on Friction Stir Welded MB3 Magnesium Joining Wang Kuaishe 1,2,a Liu Junshuai 2, Xu kewei 1 Shen Yang2 1 Department of Material Science,Xi'an JiaoTong University,Xian,Shaanxi 710048,P.R.
The stirrer's material is 65Mn.
Some even exceeded base material.
Materials & Design.Vol.18(1997),p.269 ［3］ A.
Material flow behavior during friction stir welding of aluminum[J].Welding Journal,1999,229s～237s.