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The photodetector in the system uses photodiode manufactured by 5 mm Ge material.
Ambient gas absorption, optical fiber materials intrinsic absorption, impurity absorption, scattering losses and the lens transmittance limit can also cause transmission loss.
[2] Yuxin Yun, Xiaoxiao Zhao and Weigen Chen: High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 9 (2009), p. 2156-2162.
[9] Ju Tang, Min Fan and Yingjun Qiu: High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 38, No. 11 (2012), p. 2919-2926.
[12] Yaogai Hu, Xiaoxing Zhang and Zhen Wang: High Voltage Engineering, Vol. 37, No. 5 (2011), p. 1166-1171.

Therefore deep-sea engineering equipments' construction has been a new growth point of profit in the shipbuilding industry, and been an opportunity for market development.
What's more, it wastes material, causing a great impact on the hull blocks and the intensity increase of the construction staff [7].
The technology not only saves materials, improves qualities but also reduces the construction period of the project.
Conclusion The technique of hull construction accuracy control is a key technology in modern shipbuilding.
Tian: Journal Of Harbin Engineering University Vol. 28(2007), p. 723 [9] L.S.

Adapting Temperate Crops to Tropical Lowland through Solar Thermal Chilled Water Soil Cooling Process *Olabomi Rasaq Adekunle1, Abu Bakar Jaafar2, Musa Md Nor3, Saad Amir A4 1Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 2Perdana School of Science, Technology, Innovation and Policy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 3Faculty of Mechanical Enginieering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 4Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiy Teknologi Malaysia Email:1rasaqolabomi@yahoo.com, 2bakar.jaafar@gmail.com, 3mdnor@utm.my, 4saadamir99@yahoo.com Key
Materials and methods Application of solar thermal energy has become an area of research interest in the recent times as a decentralized source of energy especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions where the potential is relatively high [9, 10].
(1) ⇒ Ǭconv=(R-r)πNuKwl∆Tr (2) l= length of the pipe, R= pipe ouside radius and r = pipe inner radius Conduction heat transfer is based on Fourier law, heat transfer by conduction, given as; Ǭcond=-ksAs∆T∆x (3) k=γρCp ks is the soil thermal conductivity, ρCp is the volumetric heat capacity of the soil and γ is the thermal diffusivity Radiation heat falling on the surface of the soil bed is governed by Stefan-Boltzmann constant equation: Ǭrad=εσAs(Tsurround4-Tsoil4) (4) Heat energy transmitted across the wall is inversely proportional to the thickness of the wall and also depends on the material
Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013. 57(1-2): p. 81-89

Analysis of the problem of Construction Enterprise’s Human Resources Structure Optimization Ying Ou College of Civil engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China szuce@szu.edu.cn Key word : Construction enterprise human resources structure optimization Abstract: The human resources structure situation and its the subject problems of the Chinese construction enterprises were analyzed, The reasons were studied from the aspect of the planned economy system, human affairs system, internal management system and enterprise human capital investment.
Shortages of engineering and technical persons, combined persons, skill workers are more prominent.According to recent data published by China Statistical Yearbook[2], The share of construction professionals, engineering and technical staff and enterprise management is lower than the national average about 3-5%.
Personnel who are familiar with new technology, new equipment, new materials, new technology and technical are particularly less.Structural shortage of talent is evident, the actual number of talent have failed to meet actual enterprise’s needs.
The construction industry is a huge engineering system, the kind of work is various, the work procedure is complex, the high or low level technology personnel are needed at the same time, the necessary persons include have project managers, engineers, technicians, construction workers, security staff, quality inspector, machine operator, surveying engineering, bricklayer, carpenter, electrician, fitter, plumber, painters, welders, riveter and so on, which require a large number of skilled workers.

Experimental materials and specimens.
It should be noted that dimensions of the specimens above were referenced to the recommendations of the Japanese Society of Civil Engineering and determined according to test conditions of this project team.
Shahrooz, Environmental durability of externally bonded FRP materials intended for repair of concrete structures [J], Construction and Building Materials, 2011, 25: 2528–2539
Construction and Building Materials, 2004, 18 (7): 491-503
Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 2013. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001008

The Integrated Innovation of Function Combination based on Axiomatic Design Jiang Ping1, a , Zhai Jinjin2,b , Zhao Xiuping3,c and Tan Runhua1,d 1 School of Mechanical & Engineering, He Bei University of Technology, Tianjin, China 2 School of Continuing Education, He Bei University of Technology, Tianjin, China 3 School of Computer Science & Engineering, He Bei University of Technology, Tianjin, China a jiangping@hebut.edu.cn, b zhaijin1982@163.com, czhaoxiuping@hebut.edu.cn, d rhtan@hebut.edu.cn, Keywords: Integrated Innovation, Function Combination, Technology Integration, Axiomatic Design Abstract: The integrated innovation satisfies new market or customer needs by combination of different technologies.
So improving the ability of integrated innovation is the key to enterprise to realize the independence innovation, win the competition advantage and adapt to developing of knowledge economy.
DFA: a component must be separate if it must move relative to its mating components, or if it requires a different material.
DFA: a component must be separate if it must move relative to its mating components, or if it requires a different material.
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Engineering Design and Automation:1-7, Vancouver, B.

Excessive fertilizer application, resulting in contamination of agricultural resources and environmental pollution of agricultural materials is increasing; a number of foreign-invested enterprises under the pretext of "invest" the coat, the groups of pollution-intensive industries (such as of small, printing and dyeing, electroplating, pesticide etc.) to transfer to China, some of the mineral resources Luancailanwa and blind development of high pollution) exports to China's ecological environment is also a terrible disaster; the fact that I live with urban pollution, environmental protection and infrastructure lag. 75% of the lakes, the country was contaminated.
CDM Projects and the Complex Issues Related to Lack of Personnel CDM project approval process is more complex, the validation process requires a lot of related material, largely through preparation, validation and results of the three stages.
Exports concentrated in low-skilled, high energy consumption, high pollution and resource-intensive and labor-intensive industries, these products of fossil fuels, chemical products, raw materials and energy-intensive manufactures metal products and general low-end products such as machinery and equipment higher proportion of total exports, and these products on the ecological and environmental impacts of large, belong to the low-end processing industry chain in pollution-intensive, energy-intensive industries consuming.
CDM Project Development of Human Culture To take full advantage of CDM development in China's foreign trade, the key is to have a CDM project development personnel.
Introduction to the clean development mechanism (Ⅱ) - Clean Development Mechanism methodology theory [J], Biomass Chemical Engineering, 2006, (02), P26-27

Laser ablation of Ti-Al alloy in vacuum and air environments Yuehua Liu1, Xiangdong Liu1, a, Ming Chen1 and Mingwen Zhao1 1School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, Shandong, China aCorresponding author: xdliu@sdu.edu.cn Keywords: Laser ablation, plasma, optical emission spectroscopy, temporal evolution Abstract.
Introduction The interactions of pulsed laser beam with solid materials have raised tremendous interest in the last decades for its potential applications in different areas including surface modification, nanoparticles and clusters production, pulsed laser deposition, chemical analysis, etc[1-7].
Although in the past years, laser ablations of materials have been widely reported, it is rather difficult to model such events[8-12]: the complex interplay of the matrix, ambient and experimental parameters, the difficulties come from plasma spatial inhomogeneity, time variation of plasma shape, which is simultaneously followed by the change of plasma parameters and emission of ablated material in plasma.
Ti-Al alloy has been widely used in aerospace engineering and automobile industry for its low density, good corrosion resistance, thermo stability and excellent mechanical properties.
Two explanations are offered for this observation: under atmospheric pressure, the incident laser beams breakdown the air on the target surface, the air plumes absorb part of the energy and decrease the efficiency of the laser available for target material ablation.

Experimental Study of Corroded RC Beams Strengthened with CFRP Under Fatigue and Monotonic loads Lei Wang 1,a, Jinxiu Liang 1,b 1Civil Engineering College, Guilin University of Technology, 541004 Guilin, China a tianmu77@163.com, b worshipxx@163.com Key words: Carbon fiber; Fatigue load; Reinforced concrete beam; Corrosion Abstract.
Material properties.
A summary of all material properties is given in Table 1.
Construction and Building Materials. 2010(9); 24:1051-1059
Construction and Building Materials. 2008(5);22:738-746.

Prediction of as-cast grain size of inoculated multicomponent aluminum alloys Qiang Du1, a, Yanjun Li2,b 1 SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, 7465 Trondheim Norway 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU, 7491 Trondheim Norway aqiang.du@sintef.no, byanjun.li@ntnu.no Keywords: grain size prediction, aluminum alloys, Maxwell-Hellawell model, CALPHAD Abstract In this paper, an extended Maxwell-Hellawell numerical grain size prediction model is employed to predict as-cast grain size of inoculated aluminum alloys.
Carozzani et al, Direct Simulation of a Solidification Benchmark Experiment, Metallurgical and Materials Transaction A 44 (2013) 873-887. ], was also applied for grain size prediction [9].
In order to apply their model to any solidification experiments, two key model input parameters, i.e., grain growth rate and nucleation undercooling, have to be known in advance.
Sadli, Effect of alloy variables on grain refinement of binary aluminium alloys with Al-Ti-B, Materials Science and Technology 11 (1995) 533-537. ].The amount of Ti solute in the melt was taken to be 0.0056wt% according to the empirical relation proposed in [3].