Book of Abstracts from the International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium, PMTi2024

Edited by

Elena Gordo Odériz, Elisa Maria Ruiz-Navas and Juan Villemur
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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp -3-0

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Accepted:
2024-08-09

Online:
2024-09-03

Preface

The 7th edition of the International Conference on Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing of Titanium, PMTi2024, is taking place for the first time in Spain after a successful series of previous conferences held in Australia, New Zealand, Germany, China, the United States and Canada. The aim of the conference is to gather researchers and professionals on the processing, design and application of titanium and its alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy (PM) and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies.
For three days, attendants will have the opportunity to discuss topics from powder production and characterisation to applications through different processing routes. Besides Ti alloys, titanium aluminides and Ti-based metal matrix composites are also considered, as well as recycling and sustainability. In terms of processing techniques, the program is well balanced between three main groups: traditional PM techniques, fusion-based AM and deposition AM techniques, and sinter-based AM techniques, the latter gaining interest over past conferences. The program is organised in 11 sessions and an additional opening session, with a total of 51 oral lectures and 27 posters. Four keynote lectures are scheduled: an overview of additive manufacturing in Europe, with a special mention of titanium, given by N. Zubizarreta (ADDIMAT, Spain); a lecture by Prof. Z.Z: Fang (Univ Utah, USA), focused on an approach to achieve high performance and low cost in titanium manufacturing; this is connected with sustainability, that is the topic of a session that opens with a keynote from M. Dopler (Metalpine, Austria) on lowering the carbon footprint; the last keynote is given by S. Gulizia (CSIRO, Australia) on the production of large parts by cold spray as additive manufacturing. Over 100 delegates from 18 countries all over the world are participating, from academy and industry, ensuring an intersectoral and multidisciplinary approach.
Three awards will be given to encourage the participation of young researchers: one award for the best oral presentation, and two awards for best posters. Thanks to the collaboration of our sponsors, a great social program is also offered to combine science and leisure and strengthen the links between the participants or establish new collaborations.
We want to express our gratitude to the people from the Organising Committee, the Advisory Committee and the Technical Committee, as well as the Secretariat of the conference. Special thanks are extended to all authors of the contributions who made the conference possible.
Thanks finally to Trans-Tech Publications for this Book of Abstracts that compiles the works presented at the conference and for making it available for all the participants.

Prof. Elena Gordo, Prof. Elisa M. Ruiz-Navas
Chairs of PMTi2024 Conference

Committees

Conference Chairs:

Elena GOROO
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
HISd Wa Ruiz-NaVas
Universidad Carlos II de Nadrid, Spain
Organizing Committee:
Elena Gordo
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Elisa
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Carlos Romero
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain
Juan Villemur
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Isabel Montealegre
Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
Ángel Biedma
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
Advisory Committee:
Zhigang Zak Fang
FAPMI University of Utah, USA
Thomas Ebel
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Germany
Ma Oian
RMTT University, Australia
Peng Cao
University of Auckland, New Zealand
Gang Chen
University of Science & Technology Beijing, China
Louis-Philippe Lefebvre
National Research Council, Canada
Technical Committee:
Iñigo Agote Beloki (Tecnalia, Spain)
Vicente Amigo (UPV, Spain)
Joao Batista Fogagnolo (Universidad de Campinas, Brazil)
Michael Bermingham (Universidad de Queensland, Australia)
Carl Boehlert (Michigan State University, USA)
Leandro Bolzoni (University of Waikato, New Zealand)
Martin Bram (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany)

José Antonio Calero (AMES Group Sintering, Spain)
Caterina Chirico Rodríguez (ICV - Instituto de Cerámica y Vidreo, Spain)
Rodrigo José Contieri (Universidad de Campinas, Brazil)
Gemma Fargas Ribas (UPC, Spain)
Stefan Gulizia (CSIRO Manufacturing, Australia)
Martin Jackson (The University of Sheffield, UK)
Kondoh Katsuyoshi (Osaka University, Japan)
José Manuel Martín (CEIT, Spain)
Ian Mellor (Metalysis, United Kingdom)
Srdjan Milenkovic (IMDEA Materials, Spain)
Efrain C. Morelli (HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Switzerland)
Florian Pyczak (Heimholtz-Zentrum HEREON, Germany)
Pilar Rey Rodríguez (AIMEN, Spain)
Ainhoa Riquelme Aguado (URJC, Spain)
Pilar Rodrigo Herrero (URJC, Spain)
Yongjun Su (Lishui University, China / UC3M, Spain)
Fatih Toptan (Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey)
Yadir Torres (Universidad de Sevilla, Spain)
Julia Ureña Alcázar (CETEMET, Spain)
Eva Vaamonde Couso (AIMEN, Spain)
Thomas Weissgaerber (Technische Universität Dresden, Germany)
Deliang Zhang (Northeastern University, China)

Table of Contents

Preface

Opening Session Keynote

A Pathway to Achieving High-Performance and Low-Cost Ti Simultaneously

Zhigang Zak Fang, Pei Sun

Session 1: Powder Metallurgy Consolidation

Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys

W. Chen, Carl Boehlert

Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Benoit Fer, David Tingaud, Frédéric Prima, Guy Dirras

Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing

Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez, Cristina M. Arévalo, Erich Neubauer, Eva Maria Perez-Soriano

Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Nerea Burgos, Jose Manuel Martin

Sintered Titanium Sponge

Thomas Hutsch, Johannes Trapp, Thomas Weißgärber

Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

De Liang Zhang, Xiao Gang Wu, Bo Wen Zhang, Hong Zhi Niu

Session 2: Titanium Aluminide

An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides

Thomas Ebel

TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Wolfgang Limberg, Marcus Willi Rackel, Jonathan David Heaton Paul, Florian Pyczak, Thomas Ebel

Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines
Seong-Woong Kim*

Seong Woong Kim

Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition

Lorenzo Quaglio, Warlen Alves Monfardini, Juliano Soyama

Session 2 - Posters

The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys

Jie Wu, Zheng Guan Lu, Lei Xu, Dong Liu, Rui Yang

Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

Lei Xu, Jie Wu, Yu You Cui, Rui Yang

Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing

Zheng Guan Lu, Jie Wu, Lei Xu, Rui Yang

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Fan Tao Kong

Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Ainhoa Riquelme, Victoria Bonache, Pilar Rodrigo

Characterization and Thermal Treatment of -TiAI Intermetallic Alloy for Enhanced Microstructural Properties

Berta Ruiz-Palenzuela, Ilchat Sabirov, Elisa Maria Ruiz-Navas

Session 3: Additive Manufacturing Deposition Techniques

Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Christian Doblin, Stefan Gulizia, Muhammad Faizan-ur-Rab, Alejandro Vargas-Uscategui, Ali Yousefiani, Saden H. Zahiri, Bruno Zamorano

High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Ryan Brooke, Duyao Zhang, Dong Qiu, Mark A. Gibson, Mark Easton

Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Javier Sánchez, Vicente Albaladejo, Maria Sarret, Andrea Garfias, Rodolpho Vaz, Teresa Andreu, Irene G. Cano

Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Eva Vaamonde, Pilar Rey, Monica Salgueiro

Session 3 - Posters

Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition

Cristina M. Arévalo, Eva Maria Perez-Soriano, Michael Kitzmantel, Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez

Session 4: Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing - I

In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Ding Meng Xu, Peng Cao, Wu Xin Yang

Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes

João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Márcio Sangali, Letícia F. Starck, Gilberto V. Prandi, Matheus Valentim, Rubens Caram, Rodrigo J. Contieri

A Novel Compositional Design Strategy for As-Printed Ti Alloys with Equiaxed Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Performance

Ya Feng Yang, Shao Fu Li

Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Jin Hu Liu, Fei Hong Wang, Yong Feng Liang, Jun Pin Lin

Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Michael Bermingham, Jingqi Zhang, Matthew Dargusch

Session 4 - Posters

Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

Seyed Masoud Ashrafizadeh, Roger Pelletier, Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem, Louis Philippe Lefebvre, Stephen Yue

Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Felipe Kowaski Martins, João Felipe Queiroz Rodrigues, Rodrigo J. Contieri, Juliano Soyama, Rubens Caram

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

Lucas Acien Ruiz Leão, Márcio Sangali, João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Gilberto V. Prandi, Matheus Valentim, Leandro Santos Silva, Letícia F. Starck, Rubens Caram, Rodrigo J. Contieri

Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

He Lin

Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy

Matheus Valentim, João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Gilberto V. Prandi, Márcio Sangali, Rubens Caram

Session 5: Powder Production and Characterisation

Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Aurélien Neveu, Filip Francqui, Geoffroy Lumay

Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Vladislav Kruzhanov, Andriy Gonchar, Viktor Troshchylo, Andriy Brodskyy, Volodymyr Yarovynskyi, Oleksandr Chukhmanov, Artem Yarovynskyi

Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Louis Philippe Lefebvre, Cindy Charbonneau, Timmercan Anatolie, Olivier Bergeron

Offsize Particle Size Utilization for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V Powders: Impact on Fatigue Properties of Produced Parts

Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem

Session 6: Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing - II

Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

Ma Qian, Sheng Lu Lu, Ting Ting Song

A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Gang Chen, Wang Wang Ding, Wei Cai, Zhi Meng Guo, Ming Li Qin, Xuan Hui Qu

Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Nikhil Belsure, Rickard Sandberg, Peter Harlin, Eduard Hryha, Gowtham Soundarapandiyan, Faraz Deirmina

Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem

Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Carlos Romero Villarreal, Alejandro Santos, Pilar Rodrigo, Belen Torres, Joaquin Rams

Session 6 - Posters

Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Ruo Chen Li, Yi Feng Yin, Zheng Guan Lu, Lei Xu

Session 7: Metal Injection Molding and Sinter-Based Additive Manufacturing

Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

Christian Kukla, Elena Gordo Odériz, Stephan Schuschnigg, Juan Villemur, Pablo Luna, Clemens Holzer

TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Tània Vilella, Gemma Fargas, Luis Llanes, Daniel Rodriguez

Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion

Tim Marter

Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V

Santiago Cano Cano, Lucas Vogel, Johannes Bosters, Carlo Burkhardt, György Harakály

Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Lucas Vogel, Rosario Moreno Lopez, György Harakály, Santiago Cano Cano, Andreas Baum, Martina Zimmermann, Carlo Burkhardt

Session 7 - Posters

Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM)

Vinicius André Rodrigues Henriques, Raphael Oliveira Pires de Lima, J.G.J. Salvo, Adriana M. Gama, Mauro H. Lapena

Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Yi Feng Yin, Zheng Guan Lu, Jie Wu, Lei Xu

Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Tim Marter

Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock

Caterina Chirico, Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia, Begoña Ferrari

Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys

Yong Jun Su, Juan Villemur, Elisa Maria Ruiz-Navas, Elena Gordo Odériz

Session 8: Sustainability and Recycling

Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Martin Dopler, Anna Köll

Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Martin Jackson

On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Álvaro Nieto, Antonio Periñán, Javier Santaolaya, Carlos Galleguillos

3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Miguel Grande-Molina, Laura Calvo, Louison Poudelet, Roger Cardona, Caterina Chirico, Begoña Ferrari

Session 9: Titanium Matrix Composites

Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Shu Feng Li, Lei Liu, Shao Long Li, Dong Xu Hui, Shao Di Wang, Xin Zhang, Bo Li

Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting

Qi An, Li Hua Cui, Lu Jun Huang, Ling Geng

Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

De Long Gong, Qi An, Lu Jun Huang

Microstructure and High-Temperature Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Yttrium Silicide-Modified Near α Titanium Alloy

Zi Shuo Ma, Lu Jun Huang

Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

Carmen Sánchez De Rojas Candela, Ainhoa Riquelme, Pilar Rodrigo, Joaquin Rams

Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy

Yu Chao Song, Oleksandr Stasiuk, Dmytro G. Savvakin, Orest Ivasyshyn

Session 9 - Posters

Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Vinicius André Rodrigues Henriques, Raphael Oliveira Pires de Lima, J.G.J. Salvo, Adriana M. Gama, Mauro H. Lapena

Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Wen Qi Liu, Shuai Wang, Lu Jun Huang

Synthesis Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Pelleted Hetero-Structure Titanium Matrix Composites via Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy

Lei Liu, Shu Feng Li, Shao Long Li

Session 10: Microstructural Development

Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

Wu Xin Yang, Ding Meng Xu, Peng Cao

Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Yassine Lakroune, Damien Connetable, Jonathan Hugues, Paul Hermantier, Pere Barriobero-Vila, Moukrane Dehmas

High-temperature "Inverse" Hall-Petch Relationship and Fracture Behavior of TA15 Alloy

Shao Long Li, Shu Feng Li

Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys

João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Márcio Sangali, Gilberto V. Prandi, Matheus Valentim, Letícia F. Starck, Rubens Caram

Session 10 - Posters

Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Tao Chang, An Li, Yi Liu, Qing Xiang Wang, Zong Hong Qu

Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Mordecai Mashamaite, Hasani R. Chauke, Phuti E. Ngoepe

Session 11: Applications of Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloys

Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Gueder Assumpção, Andrés F. Ramirez, João Batista Fogagnolo

Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Eva Maria Perez-Soriano, Ernesto J. Delgado-Pujol, Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez, Cristina M. Arévalo, David Feria, Antonio Periñán, Ana Alcudia, Fernando Lasagni, Jesús E. González, Yadir Torres

Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells

Juan Villemur, Carlos Romero Villarreal, Jose Manuel Crego, José Ramón Blasco Puchades, Elena Gordo Odériz

Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Sergey V. Prikhodko, Pavlo E. Markovsky, Dmytro G. Savvakin, Orest M. Ivasishin, Oleksandr Stasyuk, Denis Oryshych

Session 11 - Posters

Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing

Gilberto V. Prandi, João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Leandro Santos Silva, Letícia F. Starck, Márcio Sangali, Matheus Valentim, Rubens Caram

Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Márcio Sangali, João Felipe Q. Rodrigues, Letícia F. Starck, Gilberto V. Prandi, Matheus Valentim, Leandro Santos Silva, Rubens Caram

Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Maria Vozarova, Lilla Vály, Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez, Cristina M. Arévalo, Eva Maria Perez-Soriano, Ernesto J. Delgado-Pujol, Ana Alcudia, Yadir Torres, Michael Kitzmantel, Enrique Neubauer

PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Andrea Illana, Juan Villemur, Carlos Romero Villarreal, Elisa Maria Ruiz-Navas, Elena Gordo Odériz, Belen Torres, Joaquin Rams, Luisa María Fraga, Juan Carmelo Suarez

Keywords Index

Authors Index

Chapter 1

Opening Session Keynote

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 3-3

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-04

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

A Pathway to Achieving High-Performance and Low-Cost Ti Simultaneously

Z. Zak Fang and Pei Sun

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universidad of Utah

Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA

Keywords: Powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing processing of titanium and titanium alloys

Abstract

The high cost of titanium has challenged the Ti industry and has been a major focus of the research community globally for over half of a century. Although Ti's powder metallurgy (PM) has shown promise to be a low-cost approach, it has not gained significant market acceptance because the performance-to-cost ratios of PM Ti cannot compete with that of the wrought alloys. In order to compete, the cost of Ti and Ti alloy powders must be drastically reduced, and the mechanical properties of sintered Ti alloys must be drastically improved. This presentation introduces both a lowcost powder production process and a sintering technology that can produce with wroughtlike microstructure and mechanical properties, enabling a path to achieve high-performance and lowcost Ti simultaneously for a broad range of industrial and consumer applications.

Chapter 2

Session 1: Powder Metallurgy Consolidation

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 7-7

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-03

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys

W. Chen , C.J. Boehlert

¹Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA

E-mail:

Keywords: Titanium alloys; Microstructure; Fatigue; Tension; Texture, Creep

Abstract

This work investigated the microstructure, tensile, fatigue, and creep behavior of powder metallurgy processed rolled and extruded . The rolled alloy exhibited a duplex microstructure, and it did not exhibit a strong -phase texture compared with the extruded alloy, which exhibited a fine equiaxed microstructure. The -phase field extrusion followed by cooling resulted in a strong -phase texture in which the basal plane was predominately oriented perpendicular to the extrusion axis. The TiB whiskers were also aligned in the extrusion direction. This strong texturing resulted in tensile-strength anisotropy unlike that for the rolled alloy. The tensile strength, which was evaluated at room-temperature and , in the transverse orientation was lower than that in the longitudinal orientation, and the tensile strength for the rolled material was intermediate to the two. Debonding was not observed during the tensile tests in the transverse orientation, indicating a strong interface bond exists between the TiB phase and the two-phase matrix. The rolled alloy exhibited greater tensile-creep resistance, which was evaluated at temperatures between , than the extruded alloy. The fatigue conditions included a temperature of for maximum applied stresses between ( ). The extruded alloy exhibited greater fatigue resistance than the rolled alloy, and the ratcheting behavior during fatigue resembled similarities to the creep behavior. Overall, the results will be presented in comparison with as-cast and cast-then-extruded Ti-6Al-4V-1B(wt.%).

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 8-9

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

B. Fer , D. Tingaud , F. Prima , G. Dirras

Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Laboratoire de Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, CNRS, UPR 3407, 99 avenue JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France.

PSL University, ChimieParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France

*now at DMAS, ONERA, Université Paris Saclay, F-92322 Châtillon, France

ferbenoit@gmail.com, david.tingaud@univ-paris13.fr, frederic-prima@chimie-paristech.fr, dirras@univ-paris13.fr

Keywords: Harmonic structure, Powder Metallurgy, Spark Plasma Sintering, Mechanical properties, Plastic deformation mechanisms

Abstract

Heterogeneously structured materials have benefited many recent developments because of their potential to reach a good compromise between strength and ductility. Among them, this work focuses on harmonic-structured materials, which consist of a volume network of soft core and hard shell regions in the material [1]. Such a design was applied on a Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloy which belongs to the -metastable titanium alloys family. The aim is to master the processing route and investigate a possible improvement of mechanical properties induced by the harmonic design, for a use of Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn alloy as a hip implant constituent.

The powder metallurgy (PM) processing route includes a Ball Milling stage of spherical and pre-alloyed powder particles, followed by a consolidation step using Spark Plasma Sintering. An oxygen contamination could occur during the fabrication route, and the consequences of such enrichment were first evaluated on the microstructure. Then, an optimization of harmonicstructured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn was performed by combining specific fabrications together with complete microstructural characterizations and mechanical testings of the obtained samples. Typical harmonic microstructures are shown in Figure 1. It proved a significant contribution of the harmonic design on yield strength of the alloy without a drastic loss of ductility, if the shell fraction does not exceed a threshold value. Grain size differences between core and shell can also be controlled during the process and high differences are required for an improved mechanical behaviour.

Besides, interrupted quasi-static compression tests were performed to observe the microstructure evolution by ex-situ Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). It highlights the formation and propagation of dislocations during plastic deformation: a very high density was detected with XRD after compression deformation. Some of them are Geometrically Necessary Dislocations which pile up at core-shell interfaces, as highlighted by EBSD results at intermediate strain percentages. Pile-ups of dislocations create at this location a misoriented area thereafter called Interface Affected Zone. It contributes to increase the value of the hetero-deformation induced stress - or back stress - which appears during deformation and leads to the global hardening of the material [2].

Finally, these experiments allow to optimize the PM processing route, discuss the mechanical properties of the harmonic-structured alloy, and understand the corresponding plastic deformation mechanisms.

References

Harmonic structure, a promising microstructure design. K. Ameyama, F. Cazes, H. Couque, G. Dirras, S. Kikuchi, J. Li, F. Mompiou, K. Mondal, D. Orlov, B. Sharma, D. Tingaud and S K. Vajpai, Materials Research Letters, Volume 10, Issue 7 (2022)

Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress. Y. Zhu and X. Wu, Materials Research Letters, Volume 7, Issue 10 (2019)

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 10-10

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing

Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez , Cristina Arévalo , Erich Neubauer , Eva M Pérez-Soriano

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Transport, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Virgen de África 7, 41011Seville, Spain.

RHP-Technology

2444 Seibersdorf, Austria

Abstract

In the aerospace industry, titanium and its alloys have garnered significant attention for their low density, rendering them highly desirable materials. Nonetheless, their wear resistance has posed challenges, prompting extensive research into titanium-based composite materials. This study investigates the tribological performance of various titanium-based metal specimens reinforced with distinct ceramic and intermetallic materials. Specifically, specimens were fabricated to include a volume fraction of pre-alloyed TiAl intermetallics, renowned for their reduced density, while others incorporated boron carbide ( ). All specimens were meticulously prepared using Inductive Hot Pressing under optimized conditions. The primary objective is to discern the most effective option in terms of wear resistance. Comprehensive analyses, encompassing mass loss measurements, track width evaluations, wear assessments, and friction coefficient analyses, were conducted to achieve this goal.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 11-12

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Nerea Burgos , José Manuel Martín

¹CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018 Donostia

/ San Sebastián, Spain.

Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018 Donostia /San Sebastián, Spain. 28040 Madrid, Spain.

nburgos@ceit.es, jmmartin@ceit.es

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, Ti-6Al-4V, nanoreinforcement

Abstract

Titanium alloys are widely used in aerospace applications due to their excellent strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and high temperature performance [1-3]. However, including nanoparticles as reinforcement in titanium alloys can further improve their mechanical properties, making them even more suitable for demanding aerospace applications. Titanium matrix composites (TMC) are titanium alloys typically reinforced with micron-sized ceramic particles [48]. These reinforcements improve some properties such as strength but deteriorate others. However, reducing the size of reinforcements to the nanometer range allows for larger reinforcement effects to be obtained with much smaller volumetric fractions of reinforcement, which is less detrimental to fatigue, toughness, ductility, etc. [9].

This work focuses on the study of simple and safe manufacturing routes for nanoreinforced Ti alloys that increase the strength of the base material with a low negative effect on ductility. The selection of the compositions and treatment temperatures was carried out using binary phase diagrams and experimental results. Based on this information, solubility limits around of C and 0.30 wt . % of Si in titanium alloys were observed.

The microstructural characterization was carried out with a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM, JEOL JSM-7100F) equipped with detectors for secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). Chemical analysis was conducted with conventional LECO analyzers (LECO TC-400 for oxygen and nitrogen, and LECO CS-200 for carbon and sulfur). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was applied using the characteristic wavelength of line for in an instrument Philips X'pert MRD. The mechanical properties were studied using Vickers hardness with 5 kg and conventional tensile tests.

Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) powder with a particle size was mixed with C and Si particles in the proportions indicated in Table 1. The powders were mixed in a Turbula mixer at a speed of 100 rpm for 1 h under Ar atmosphere and using a ball-to-powder ratio of . The samples were consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at and 140 MPa for 4 h . Subsequently, some specimens were heat treated (TT) at for 1 h under Ar and water quenched (solution treatment) and next, a precipitation treatment at for 8 h under Ar was carried out. The results of the mechanical properties can be seen in Table 1, were the hardness (HV5), yield strength (YS), tensile strength (UTS), and elongation (El) of the base and nanoreinforced alloys are compared under the same heat treatment conditions.

References

J.M. Donachie, Titanium - A Technical Guide, ASM International, 2nd Edition. https://doi.org/10.31399/ASM.TB.TTG2.9781627082693.

C. Leyens, M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium alloys - Fundamentals and Applications, 2003. .

M. Peters, J. Kumpfert, C.H. Ward, C. Leyens, Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Applications, Adv Eng Mater. 5 (2003) 419-427. . 200310095.

S. Ranganath, Review on particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites, J Mater Sci. 32 (1997) 1-16.

L. Huang, L. Geng, Microstructure Characteristics of Ti6Al4V Matrix Composites with Network Microstructure, Discontinuously Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites. (2017) 39-55. .

M.D. Hayat, H. Singh, Z. He, P. Cao, Titanium metal matrix composites: An overview, Composite Part A, 121 (2019) 418-438. j.compositesa.2019.04.005.

C. Poletti, M. Balog, T. Schubert, V. Liedtke, C. Edtmaier, Production of titanium matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles, Compos Sci Technol. 68 (2008) 2171-2177. .

K. Kondoh, Titanium metal matrix composites by powder metallurgy (PM) routes, Titanium Powder Metallurgy: Science, Technology and Applications. (2015) 277-297. .

S.C. Tjong, Z.Y. Ma, Microstructural and mechanical characteristics of in situ metal matrix composites, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports. 29 (2000) 49-113. .

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 13-14

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Sintered Titanium Sponge

Th. Hutsch , J. Trapp , Th. Weißgärber

Department of Powder Metallurgy, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, 01277 Dresden, Germany.

Department of Powder Metallurgy, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, 01277 Dresden, Germany.

Institute Director, Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials IFAM, 01277 Dresden, Germany.

TUD Dresden University of Technology, Faculty Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Materials Science, Chair Powder Metallurgy, 01062 Dresden, Germany

E-mail: Thomas.Hutsch@ifam-dd.fraunhofer.de, E-mail: Johannes.Trapp@ifam-dd.fraunhofer.de, E-mail: cThomas.Weissgaerber@ifam-dd.fraunhofer.de

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, Spark Plasma Sintering, capillary lift, titanium sponge, porosity, stop-controlled sintering.

Abstract

The need for porous materials is rapidly increasing in different applications like electrolysis, direct vaporisation and fluid transport by capillary lift. Additional to a certain porosity between 30 and , the surface quality, mechanical stability and easy machinability come more and more into focus. Further requirements are raw materials that are low cost and available for mass production and the possibility to select from different materials like titanium, nickel, iron and their alloys for the chosen manufacturing route. In this work the authors show a powder metallurgical approach on sintered titanium sponge to create a porous structure that meets the above-mentioned requirements. The sintering combines a fast hot pressing by Spark Plasma Sintering with a stopcontrolled densification. With this setup it is possible to sinter titanium sponge to sheets or discs. A cross section of the material is shown in Figure 1. The sintered titanium sponge was densified to a porosity of ca. without any addition of organic or other sintering agents, avoiding the uptake of impurities like oxygen and creating a material that maintains the purity of the initial sponge powder. The shape of the top and bottom of the sintered titanium sponge adapts the surface of the used punches during sintering and can be flat or structured. The plates or sheets can be easily machined to the desired shape using water jet cutting like shown in Figure 2 for a direct heating element for vaporisation. Due to the controlled inner porosity the samples show a potential to create structures with extremely high capillary lift. Figure 3 shows a sintered titanium sponge where the capillary force created a rise height of 140 mm in ca. 20 min .

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 15-15

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-03-03

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

Deliang Zhang , Xiaogang Wu , Bowen Zhang , Hongzhi Niu

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

National Frontiers Science Center for Industrial Intelligence and Systems Optimization, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China

zhangdeliang@mail.neu.edu.cn, wuxiaogang@stumail.neu.edu.cn, 15940262826@163.com, niuhongzhi@mail.neu.edu.cn

Keywords: Powder metallurgy; Thermomechanical powder consolidation; Titanium alloy; Microstructure; Mechanical properties

Abstract

Near a titanium alloys were fabricated by thermomechanical consolidation of blends of and elemental powders followed by heat treatments. By adjusting compositions and heat treatment conditions, various microstructures were obtained. They include a basketweave microstructure consisting of a network of inter-penetrating plates filled with domains of ultrafine transformed structure , an lamellar microstructure with most layers being thin and discontinuous plus layers at prior grain boundaries (Type II microstructure) and an lamellar microstructure (Type III microstructure), an microstructure consisting of primary domains with globular and platelike morphologies, domains comprising ultrafine secondary lamellae in a matrix and thin strips (Type IV microstructure), and a microstructure consisting of isolated plates, slabs, and globules dispersed in a matrix comprising nanometer-sized lamellae and residual strips (Type V microstructures) [1-2]. Some microstructures (e.g Types I-III) posse similar strength, but can exhibit drastically different ductility, with elongation to fracturing (EL) changing from 5.5% . The addition of Y to the alloy reduce the oxygen contents in the matrix by forming submicrometer-sized particles which also change the microstructure and facilitate ductilization of the fracture [3]. With the present dispersed particles in the alloy, Type IV microstructure offers a good comprehensive tensile properties with high tensile strength of 1128 MPa and very goo ductility (EL: ), while Type V microstructure renders the alloy with an even better tensile properties with a significantly higher tensile strength of 1351 MPa and still good ductility ( ) [2]. The microstructural characterization of the deformed specimens reveals that different microstructures correspond to different dislocation slip and twinning behaviors during deformation, and the analysis of these behaviors provide reasonable explanations for the correlations between the different types of microstructures and tensile properties.

References

Xiaogang Wu, Bowen Zhang, Youyun Zhang, Hongzhi Niu*, Deliang Zhang, "Correlation between microstructures and tensile deformation behavior of a PM near alloy", Materials Science & Engineering A, 825 (2021) 141909

Xiaogang Wu, Bowen Zhang, Yanhu Zhang, Hongzhi Niu*, Deliang Zhang*, Manipulating the strength and tensile ductility of a PM near titanium alloy by adjusting the morphologies and volume fractions of and t domains Materials Science & Engineering A 859 (2022) 144184

Xiaogang Wu, Bowen Zhang, Yanhu Zhang, Hongzhi Niu*, Deliang Zhang*, "Ductilization of fracture of a high strength interwoven structured PM titanium alloy by in-situ formed submicron Y2O3 particles", Materials Science & Engineering A 848 (2022) 143492

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Chapter 3

Session 2: Titanium Aluminide

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 19-20

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-02

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides

Thomas Ebel

Institute of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany

E-mail: thomas.ebel@hereon.de

Keywords: Titanium-aluminides, sintering, creep, Metal Injection Moulding

Abstract

Compared to common titanium alloys like Ti-6Al-4V, titanium-aluminides contain a high amount of aluminum in the range of 40 to 50 at% resulting in the almost exclusive occurrence of the two intermetallic phases alpha-2 and gamma . The consequence is that titaniumaluminides possess a high temperature stability (for some alloys up more than ), good oxidation resistance, high Young's modulus (similar to steel) in connection with low density around . This makes the alloys being suitable to partly replace heavy nickel-based superalloys in turbine blade applications. Furthermore, the high specific Young's modulus should be very attractive for fast moving parts needing high stiffness like weaving needles or similar applications. However, because of high material costs, relatively low ductility and necessary special processing, to date, the actual applications are still very limited. Sintering technologies like Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) and related additive manufacturing techniques could be attractive to lower the costs of a part, because of high materials utilization and capability for mass production. However, sintering of titanium-aluminides is a sophisticated process. This paper summarizes our work performed in this field and gives some ideas and hints for successful sintering.

Conclusions

Sintering of titanium-aluminides is challenging, however possible, and can lead to very good results. MIM offers the possibility to lower the costs in the case of mass production of suitable parts. What are needed now are more dedicated applications.

References

Limberg, W., et al., Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) of Ti 45Al 5Nb 0.2B 0.2C (at%), Proceedings of EuroPM 2011

Soyama, J., et al., Materials & Design 84 (2015) 87-94, DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.06.095

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 21-21

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Wolfgang Limberg , Marcus Willi Rackel , Jonathan David Heaton Paul , Florian Pyczak , Thomas Ebel

¹Institue of Metallic Biomaterials, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.

Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum hereon GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.

wolfgang.limberg@hereon.de, marcus.rackel@hereon.de, jonathan.paul@hereon.de,

Keywords: Additive Manufacturing; Fused Granular Fabrication (FGF); Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Titanium-Aluminides; TiAl.

Abstract

In this work, a first attempt was made to process TiAl alloys using the Filament Granular Fabrication (FGF) process. The achieved properties are compared to those of material made using a standard Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) process route. One advantage of the FGF process is that the existing technical infrastructure of the wellestablished MIM processing route can be used. The CEM process combines this with the advantages of additive manufacturing processes such as high geometrical degree of freedom and optimised material use. Thus, material and machine costs can be reduced. Furthermore, process induced residual stresses and their negative influence on components properties are negligible compared to powder bed-based additive manufacturing processes such as laser or electron beam fusion. The first step in the process was the production of spherical TNM alloy powder ( , in at.%) at Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon using the Electrode Induction Melting Inert Gas Atomization (EIGA) process. After sieving, the powder fraction was used for the preparation of a feedstock, based on a binder system, consisting of paraffin-wax, ethylene-vinylacetate and stearic acid. Thereafter, the feedstock was granulated to diameter particles and dog bone shaped tensile test specimens were produced, using an AIM3D ExAM 255 printer for FGF processing and an Arburg 370A injection moulding machine for MIM processing. Subsequently, all produced samples were solvent debinded in hexane, thermal debinded and then sintered in an inert argon gas atmosphere. Sintering in the solid/liquid two phase region at a temperature of , led to a sinter density of . The resulting microstructures and phases were analysed using SEM and EBSD, as well as high energy X-ray diffraction. For both the FGF and MIM production techniques, tensile tests were performed at room temperature. In addition, compression creep tests were carried out at two different temperatures, and , under 150 MPa load.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 22-22

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2023-11-24

Revised:
2024-03-07

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines
Seong-Woong Kim*

Titanium Department, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon 642-831, South Korea

*Corresponding author: mrbass@kims.re.kr

Keywords: TiAl, gas turbine blade, high-temperature strength

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 23-24

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition

L. Quaglio , W.A. Monfardini , J. Soyama

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleyev, 200, 13083-860

Campinas, Brazil

School of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Av. Morobá, 248, 29192-733, Aracruz, Brazil

Keywords: Powder metallurgy; Titanium Aluminides; Co addition.

Abstract

Titanium aluminides are intermetallic materials with low density and high mechanical properties at elevated temperatures [1]. Typical processing routes include casting and thermomechanical treatments, which are extremely costly. Therefore, less expensive processing techniques such as powder metallurgy become interesting alternatives for this class of materials. One of the greatest challenges of powder metallurgy processing of titanium aluminides corresponds to their high sintering temperatures ( ) [2]. In this work, processing of with Co variations between was conducted to lower the sintering temperatures since Co has been reported to induce liquid phase during sintering [3]. The specimens were cylinders with 8 mm diameter prepared using blended elemental powders followed by cold uniaxial pressing. Sintering was carried out under argon atmosphere at different temperatures ranging from 1100 to for 2 hours in an alumina tube furnace. Microstructural investigation was conducted by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. Porosity and densification were determined by image analysis using Light Optical Microscopy and the software ImageJ. The mechanical properties were evaluated through Vickers microhardness tests. The results indicated that there was a systematic increase in densification with Co additions. Due to the exothermic formation of intermetallics, the relative density of the reference material was approximately . Nevertheless, Co addition of led to densifications in the order of . Additionally, a much lower sintering temperature of was required. Therefore, a strong effect of decreasing the sintering temperature was achieved with Co additions. The microstructure changed from fully lamellar with sintered at to duplex with higher Co additions sintered at , Fig. 1. Besides the - TiAl and phases, the formation of a CoAlTi intermetallic was identified. An increase in hardness was also observed in comparison to the reference alloy . The addition of Co led to the highest hardness of approximately 450 HV . A great potential of Co additions in the sintering of titanium aluminides was observed. It was possible to achieve a significant increase in densification and simultaneously improve Vickers hardness.

References

F. Appel, J.D.H. Paul and M. Oehring, Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys: Science and Technology, 1st ed.Wiley-VCH Verlag, Weinheim, Germany, 2011.

J. Soyama, M. Oehring, T. Ebel, K.U. Kainer and F. Pyczak, Sintering Behavior and Microstructure Formation of Titanium Aluminide Alloys Processed by Metal Injection Molding, JOM 69 (2017), pp. 676-682.

Y. Xia, P. Yu, G.B. Schaffer and M. Qian, Cobalt-doped Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb alloy fabricated by cold compaction and pressureless sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 574 (2013), pp. 176-185.

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Chapter 4

Session 2 - Posters

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 27-27

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys

Jie Wu , Zhengguan Lu , Lei Xu , Dong Liu , Rui Yang

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China 110016

Abstract

Pre-alloyed powder of was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) -TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) route. The atomized powders were canned in containers, degassed, sealed, and HIPed. Effect of two different canning materials (mild steel and commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti)) on the microstructure and properties of as-HIPed -TiAl alloy were discussed. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and -TiAl at relative high temperature (over ), the - TiAl matrix is contaminated. CP-Ti canned -TiAl showed bigger yield and fracture strength than mild steel canned TiAl. PM -TiAl alloy parts having complex shape could be manufactured by the near netshape process.

References

[1] Yan Liu, Jinshan Li, Bin Tang, William Yi Wang, Minjie Lai, Lei Zhu, Hongchao Kou, Formation mechanism of twins in -solidified -TiAl alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 105 (2022) 164-171

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 28-28

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

Lei Xu , Jie Wu , Yuyou Cui , Rui Yang

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China 110016

E-mail:

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, hot isostatic pressing, gas atomization, Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B, surface contamination

Abstract

Ti}-47 \mathrm{Al}-2 \mathrm{Cr}-2 \mathrm{Nb}-0.15 \mathrm{~B}) alloy is a typical alloy, and powder metallurgy (PM) as a near-net shape method was used to prepare it in this article. Clean pre-alloyed powders were prepared by argon gas atomization, and TiAl alloy was prepared by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) at and . However, surface contamination is inevitable due to chemical reactions with the residual in the vacuum chamber during gas atomization or due to physical adsorption of and during storage of the powder at room temperature. Infrared spectrometry was used to study this process. We found that the adsorption of gases is mainly . The adsorbed gas in powders would deteriorate the performance of PM alloy, so a gas protection environment is suggested. Tensile properties of PM TiAl alloy were compared with as-cast alloy. Results showed that PM TiAl alloy had better strength which also had more fine and uniform microstructure.

References

[1] Yan Liu, Jinshan Li, Bin Tang, William Yi Wang, Minjie Lai, Lei Zhu, Hongchao Kou, Formation mechanism of twins in -solidified -TiAl alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 105 (2022) 164-171

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 29-29

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing

Zhengguan Lu , Jie Wu , Lei Xu and Rui Yang

Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China 110016

E-mail:

Abstract

TiAl pre-alloyed powder is prepared by the electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA) method, the composition is . The performance of the pre-alloyed powder is measured using different methods. -TiAl pre-alloyed powder is on vacuum heat treatment on different temperature to study its phase transition. Mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy are used to study pre-alloy powder's vocuum degassing process. Then pre-alloyed powder is processed by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) and heat treatment at different temperature to study how temperature affects -TiAl alloy's microstructure and mechanical properties. Results indicate that EIGA method can prepare spherical pre-alloyed powder with small grain size, the average particle diameter is . The basic phase of prealloyed powder at room temperature is phase, and the surface of the powder is almost oxidated. After HIP, -TiAl alloy is prepared which has small and uniform grains, phase transition happened during the heating process which has a phase transition point at around . Heat treatment can eliminate the boundaries of original particles and change the microstructure to fully lamellar. The mechanical properties of -TiAl alloy decreases with temperature and shows a special ductility at tensile test

References

[1] Yan Liu, Jinshan Li, Bin Tang, William Yi Wang, Minjie Lai, Lei Zhu, Hongchao Kou, Formation mechanism of twins in -solidified -TiAl alloys, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 105 (2022) 164-171

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 30-30

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-08

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Fantao Kong

Keywords: TiAl alloy, powder metallurgy, hot isostatic pressing, microstructure, mechanical property

Abstract

As a lightweight high-temperature structural material, TiAl alloys have great application potential in the aerospace systems. Powder metallurgy technology is one of the important methods for preparing high performance TiAl alloys and their components. By introducing high-temperature disordered phases, the hot deformation ability of the TiAl alloy is greatly improved, which is conducive to the densification process of hot isostatic pressing. In this paper, a thermo mechanical coupling model for the hot isostatic pressing process of high beta phase content Ti-43AI-9V-Y pre alloy powder was established using finite element analysis software. The influence of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and holding time on the powder densification process was revealed, and the optimal sintering process was determined to be . Under the above process parameters, the Ti-43Al-9V-Y alloy billets were prepared by combining atomization powder production with subsequent hot isostatic pressing sintering technology. The microstructures of sintered Ti-43Al-9V-Y alloy are mainly composed of equiaxed Phases, B2/ lamellar colonies and B2 Phases with a continuous network distribution. The ultimate tensile strength and fracture strain of the sintered Ti-43Al-9V-Y alloy at room temperature are 790 MPa and , respectively. At , due to the smaller grain size, the tensile strength of the alloy decreased to 480 MPa , while the elongation increased to . The formation and evolution of microstructure and the mechanism of strengthening and plasticizing are discussed, respectively.

References

Williams J C, Jr E A S. Progress in Structural Materials for Aerospace Systems [J]. Acta Materialia, 2003, 51(19):5775-5799

Schloffer M, Iqbal F, Gabrisch H. Microstructure Development and Hardness of A Powder Metallurgical Multi Phase -TiAl Based Alloy [J]. Intermetallics, 2012, 22:231-240

Helmut Clemens, Wilfried Wallgram, Sascha Kremmer, Volker Güther, Andreas Otto, Arno Bartels. Design of Novel -Solidifying TiAl Alloys with A djustable -Phase Fraction and Excellent Hot-Workability [J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2008, 10(8):707-713

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 31-32

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-16

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

A. Riquelme , V. Bonache , P. Rodrigo

Area of Materials, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipan s/n, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.

Area of Materials, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipan s/n, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.

Area of Materials, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipan s/n, 28933 Móstoles (Madrid), Spain.

E-mail: ainhoa.riquelme.aguado@urjc.es, E-mail: victoria.bonache@urjc.es, E-mail: pilar.rodrigo@urjc.es

Keywords: Ti-Al alloys, Direct-Laser-Deposition, mechanical alloying, milling, microstructure.

Abstract

In the aviation industry, paramount emphasis is placed on weight reduction, given its profound impact on aircraft maneuverability and energy efficiency. Consequently, aircraft are predominantly comprised of lightweight materials, notably titanium and aluminum alloys, constituting up to of their structural weight. However, specific aircraft components, particularly those proximal to engines, necessitate materials endowed with elevated temperature resistance, a characteristic commonly found in heavier counterparts such as nickel-based superalloys. In the pursuit of alternatives to these superalloys, -TiAl compounds emerge as promising candidates [1].

References

Runrun Xu, Miaoquan Li, Yonghao Zhao. A review of microstructure control and mechanical performance optimization of -TiAl alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 167611 Volume 932, (2023)

Shishkovsky I, Missemer F, Smurov I. Direct metal deposition of functional graded structures in Ti-Al system. Physics Procedia 39, 382-391 (2012).

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 33-33

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Characterization and Thermal Treatment of -TiAI Intermetallic Alloy for Enhanced Microstructural Properties

B. Ruiz-Palenzuela , I. Sabirov , E. M. Ruiz-Navas

Departament of Materials, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain

European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland

IMDEA Materials Institute, Getafe, Madrid, Spain

Abstract

Research into materials with enhanced specific properties represents a cutting-edge area of study in metallurgy. Within this context, TiAl intermetallics have emerged as potential alternatives to the prevalent Ni-based superalloys. This is due to TiAl's advantageous features at both low and high temperatures, characterized by low density, excellent oxidation resistance, and a high melting point. However, comprehending the intrinsic properties and behavior of TiAl intermetallics remains a complex challenge.

Chapter 5

Session 3: Additive Manufacturing Deposition Techniques

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 37-37

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-18

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Christian Doblin , Stefan Gulizia , Muhammad Faizan-ur-Rab , Alejandro Vargas-Uscategui , Ali Yousefiani , Saden H. Zahiri , Bruno Zamorano

CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way, Clayton 3168, Australia.

Boeing Research & Technology, 14441 Astronautics Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92647, USA

Boeing Research & Technology, 499 Boeing BIvd SW, Huntsville, AL 35824, USA

christian.doblin@csiro.au, Stefan.gulizia@csiro.au, Muhammad.Faizan-Ur-Rab@csiro.au,

Alejandro.vargas@csiro.au, ali.yousefiani@boeing.com, Saden.Zaheri@csiro.au, bruno.zamoranosenderos@boeing.com

Keywords: Titanium and titanium alloys, Cold spray, Powders, Modelling, Digital twin

Abstract

This presentation provides an overview of the recent collaboration between CSIRO and Boeing focused on developing preforms of high temperature titanium alloys. Through this collaboration, a new method for manufacturing preforms, shaped intermediates and mill products directly from titanium powder has been devised. These preforms can then undergo thermomechanical processing to produce parts requiring minimal surface finishing with the desired microstructure and mechanical properties.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 38-38

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-24

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Ryan Brooke , Duyao Zhang , Dong Qiu , Mark A. Gibson , Mark Easton

School of Engineering, Centre for Additive Manufacturing, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

s3872564@student.rmit.edu.au, duyao.zhang2@rmit.edu.au, dong.qiu2@rmit.edu.au, magibson60@gmail.com, mark.easton@rmit.edu.au

Keywords: additive manufacturing, titanium alloys, direct energy deposition, grain refinement

Abstract

With the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM), an opportunity arises to design new materials specifically for this unique manufacturing method. The design of alloys leverages solutes known to promote grain refinement to address the issue of columnar grains commonly associated with AM. The addition of Cu and Fe lead to a partial columnar to equiaxed transition (CET), however, in tandem with process parameter optimisation, produces a full CET, further grain refinement and a reduction in crystallographic texture. The microstructure features fine -laths and is strengthened by the significant solid solution hardening of Cu and Fe in the -phase, and Al in the -phase. The optimised alloy composition exhibits a yield strength of , while maintaining an elongation at failure of . Overall, the resulting compositions demonstrate excellent specific strength and specific modulus in the as-manufactured state. The selection of readily available alloying elements such as and Al not only reduces costs but also takes advantage of the unique thermal characteristics of AM, leading to exceptional mechanical properties without the need for further processing. This advancement in alloy design offers significant potential for industrial applications, providing a cost-effective solution with enhanced mechanical properties that meet the diverse needs of modern manufacturing industries.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 39-39

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-25

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

J. Sánchez , V. Albaladejo , M. Sarret , A. Garfias , R. Vaz , T. Andreu , I.G. Cano

Centre de Projecció Tèrmica, CPT; Departament de Ciència del Materials i Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, España

rvaz@cptub.eu, tandreu@ub.edu, irenegarcia@ub.edu

Abstract

For decades, thermal spraying has been used for the production of coatings all over the world because of its versatility in industry for machinery and tools preservation, surfaces protection and corrosion prevention.

References

[1] IRENA (2020), Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the Climate Goal, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 40-41

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

E. Vaamonde , P. Rey , M. Salgueiro

¹AIMEN Technology Centre, Polígono Industrial de Cataboi SUR-PPI-2 E36418. O Porriño

(Pontevedra), Spain

E-mail: evaamonde@aimen.es, prey@aimen.es, msalgueiro@aimen.es

Keywords: Ti6Al4V alloys, aerospace, additive manufacturing, Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition, metallic wire.

Abstract

Excellent properties of titanium alloys as the high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent corrosion resistance, becomes very attractive for the industry. However, the high manufacturing costs of conventional processing methods, as well as the material waste, make it accessible only to industries such as aerospace, even if these issues are the key challenges to overcome on this industrial sector. Additive manufacturing (AM) becomes an attractive solution to manufacture this type of highadded value components. Metallic Wire based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition (DED ) process is becoming a key manufacturing process, mainly due to higher deposition rate, ability to build larger structures and high material efficiency compared with other usual AM technologies, as powder bed fusion (PBF), or powder-based DED processes (DED-LB/Mp) . However, there are some challenges to industrialise the additive manufacturing of titanium alloys due to their high reactivity with oxygen at high temperature and mechanical properties of the deposited material because of extremely high residual stresses that they need to be solved. This paper reports the work carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of DED-LB/Mw process for the manufacturing of a semi-spherical component, with potential application in the aerospace sector as a fuel tank. The work has been focused in three key issues: - The coaxial laser wire deposition (DED-LB/Mw) of Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been studied to achieve the optimum process parameters attending to deposition rate and process stability . - Effect of the argon shielding gas conditions has been evaluated on three different configurations (local, inert chamber, local + inert chamber) in order to bring a deep understanding of the influence of protective conditions on process stability, surface quality, metallurgy and microhardness. Mechanical properties have been also assessed on samples tested under the acceptable atmosphere condition . - The optimal manufacturing strategy, with the established process parameters and protective atmosphere conditions, has been analysed to manufacture the semi-spherical component, also considering the limitations of movement imposed by the required working conditions within the inert chamber .

References

Bhaskar Dutta, Francis H. Froes, Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys State of the Art, Challenges, and Opportunities, Elsevier 2016

Zhang, L.C.; Liu, Y.; Li, S.; Hao, Y. Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review. Adv. Eng. Mater. 2018, 20, 1-16.

Corina Petry, "3-D printing moves from novelty to aerospace-grade solution able to revolutionize build rates, lead times", Modern Metals, January 2016.

http: _art_MAM-ENGLISH_low.pdf

Martin Schulz, Fritz Klocke, Jan Riepe, Nils Klingbeil, Kristian Arntz, Process optimization of wire based laser deposition of titanium, Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2018, Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, Norway

AMS 4999, Titanium alloy direct deposited products 6Al-4V Annealed, Aerospace Material Specification, SAE International 2016

Saboori, A., Gallo, D., Biamino, S., Fino, P., & Lombardi, M. (2017). An overview of additive manufacturing of titanium components by directed energy deposition: microstructure and mechanical properties. Applied Sciences, 7(9), 883

Chekir, N.Tian, Y., Gauvin, R., Brodusch, N., Sixsmith, J.J., Brochu, M., Laser Wire Deposition of Thick Ti-6Al-4V Buildups:Heat Transfer Model, Microstructure, and Mechanical Properties Evaluations, Metallurgical and material transactions A, 2018

Eyvind Engbkom, Effect of oxygen concentration in build chamber during laser metal deposition of Ti-64 wire, Degree project in materials design and engineering, Sweden 2018.

Chunlei Qiu, G.A. Ravi, Chris Dance, Andrew Ranson, Steve Dilworth, Moataz M. Attallah, Fabrication of large Ti-6Al-4V structures by direct laser deposition, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 629 (2015) 351-361.

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Chapter 6

Session 3 - Posters

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 45-45

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition

Cristina M. Arévalo , Eva M. Pérez-Soriano , Michael Kitzmantel , Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Transport, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Virgen de África 7, 41011Seville, Spain.

RHP-Technology GmbH, Forschungs-und Technologiezentrum, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria

carevalo@us.es, evamps@us.es, m.ki@rhp-technology.com, imontealegre@us.es

Keywords: titanium, Plasma Metal Deposition, characterization.

Abstract

Additive Manufacturing (AM) technologies revolutionize the production of 3D components by selectively depositing material layers, facilitating intricate geometries and cavities with minimal material waste. Among these techniques, Plasma Metal Deposition (PMD) stands out as a powder-based method offering promising applications, particularly in the aerospace sector. In this study, we investigate nine specimens manufactured via PMD, employing a base material of grade 2 titanium and a welding material comprising a powder blend of grade 1 titanium and particles. The incorporation of boron carbide aims to further augment the already commendable properties of titanium, catering to the stringent requirements of the aerospace industry. Attention is directed towards key manufacturing parameters such as the transferred arc, number of layers, and torch travel speed, while maintaining fixed parameters including pilot arc, current, and torch-substrate height. The primary objective of this research is to comprehensively explore the PMD technique, scrutinizing potential thermodynamic reactions during the welding process between titanium and boron carbide. Concurrently, thorough characterization of the specimens will be conducted to elucidate their properties. This project seeks to optimize the PMD manufacturing process and enhance the performance characteristics of the produced parts, thereby addressing critical needs in the aerospace sector. By unravelling the intricacies of thermodynamic interactions and material properties, we aim to pave the way for advancements in additive manufacturing methodologies and the production of highperformance titanium components for aerospace applications.

Chapter 7

Session 4: Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing - I

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 49-49

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-02

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Dingmeng Xu , Prof. Peng Cao , Dr. Wuxin Yang

Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds

Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds

Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, The University of Auckland, 20 Symonds

Street, Auckland CBD, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

dxu030@aucklanduni.ac.nz, p.cao@auckland.ac.nz, wuxin.yang@auckland.ac.nz

Keywords: additive manufacturing processing of titanium and titanium alloys, laser-powder bed fusion, alloy design

Abstract

In recent years, numerous studies have been focusing on adjusting the microstructure and improving the mechanical properties of additive manufacturing (AM) fabricated Titanium (Ti) based alloys through the addition of solute elements. However, very few works have been dedicated to the in-situ alloying of commercial pure Ti and Copper alloys using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In this work, we achieved good mechanical properties in laser-powder bed fusion (L-PBF) fabricated Ti through microalloying of Cu particles on Ti powder. A comparison study is conducted between the in-situ alloys produced by LPBF of the elemental powders and of the Cu -coated Ti powder. The microstructural development including the role of Cu on columnar to equiaxed (CET) effect on Ti and strengthening mechanisms in terms of solid solution strengthening and refinement effect of Cu that led to enhancement in mechanical properties are also discussed. This methodology would apply to other alloy designs in AM such as , and Al alloys thereby tuning their microstructures and enhancing mechanical properties to suit specific engineering applications.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 50-51

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes

João Felipe Q. Rodrigues , Márcio Sangali , Letícia F. Starck , Gilberto V. Prandi , Matheus Valentim , Rubens Caram , Rodrigo J. Contieri

¹epartment of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleyev 200, 13083-860 Campinas, Brazil.

School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 3484-350 Limeira, Brazil

ªjfunifei@gmail.com, marcio.sangali@gmail.com, leticia.starck@gmail.com, g242664@dac.unicamp.br, Matheus.valentim.mv@gmail.com, caram@unicamp.br, g*contieri@unicamp.br

Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Titanium Alloys, Ti-Nb-Sn, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF).

Abstract

Advancements in total hip arthroplasty over recent decades have been significantly driven by the development and optimization of new biomaterials, specifically designed to meet stringent medical requirements. A notable milestone in this evolution is the emergence of Titanium alloys, which are celebrated for their superior combination of mechanical and physical properties . The innovation in Ti alloys primarily focuses on incorporating Nb as a critical alloying element. Nb is known for its ability to stabilize the phase in titanium alloys, which is essential for achieving a retained metastable phase at room temperature[3]. This phase is characterized by a low elastic modulus, which is advantageous as it more closely matches the mechanical properties of bone, thereby reducing stress shielding effects. Moreover, Nb enhances the alloy's biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, making it an ideal choice for long-term implantation. Despite these benefits, the metastable phase is prone to phase formation, which can lead to embrittlement, a highly undesirable trait for biomaterials. To address this issue, Sn is added to the alloys to improve the stability of the phase and control the precipitation of the phase, thereby maintaining the alloy's ductility and toughness [4,5]. The application of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, particularly Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), has opened new avenues in the fabrication of biomaterials. The conventional use of prealloyed powders in L-PBF is often costly and complex. In contrast, in-situ alloying presents a more economical and flexible approach by directly fusing elemental powders, thereby simplifying the production process and reducing costs associated with pre-alloying. This study focuses on synthesizing the Ti-30Nb-4Sn (wt.%) alloy using the L-PBF technique from elemental powders. The chosen alloy composition aims to leverage the beneficial effects of Nb and Sn in enhancing biomechanical compatibility and corrosion resistance, making it an excellent candidate for hard tissue repair applications. The experiments were conducted on an OmniSint-160 L-PBF machine, under an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation. Parameters were meticulously optimized to ensure the effective melting of the powders and to minimize defects such as porosity and unmelted particles. The results indicate that a balance between medium laser power and low scanning speed is crucial for achieving high-quality samples with minimal defects. However, the volatilization of Sn during the process necessitates a compensatory increase in its proportion in the feedstock to achieve the targeted alloy composition. These findings underscore the critical interplay between laser parameters and material properties in the successful application of in-situ alloying for the fabrication of biomedical implants. This study not only enriches the body of knowledge on Sn alloys but also demonstrates the potential of AM technologies in advancing the field of biomaterials, offering promising prospects for the development of personalized and highperformance orthopedic implants.

References

M. Geetha, A.K. Singh, R. Asokamani, A.K. Gogia, Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - A review, Prog Mater Sci. 54 (2009) 397-425.

M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, J. Hieda, Development of New Metallic Alloys for Biomedical Applications, Acta Biomater. 8 (2012) 3888-3903.

D. Kuroda, M. Niinomi, M. Morinaga, Y. Kato, T. Yashiro, Design and mechanical properties of new type titanium alloys for implant materials, Materials Science and Engineering: A. 243 (1998) 244-249. .

M. Long, H.J. Rack, Titanium Alloys in Total Joint Replacement-A Materials Science Perspective, Biomaterials. 19 (1998) 1621-1639.

G.T. Aleixo, C.R.M. Afonso, A.A. Coelho, R. Caram, Effects of omega phase on elastic modulus of alloys as a function of composition and cooling rate, Solid State Phenomena. 138 (2008) 393-398. .

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 52-52

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

A Novel Compositional Design Strategy for As-Printed Ti Alloys with Equiaxed Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Performance

Y.F. Yang , S.F.

State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China

a yfyang@ipe.ac.cn, sfli@ipe.ac.cn

Keywords: Titanium alloys; Grain refinement; Powder processing; Compositional design; Additive manufacturing

Abstract

D printing has been employed to make Ti alloy components with complex geometries to resolve the high-cost issue caused by their poor machinability. However, coarse columnar grains inevitably form in as-printed Ti alloys due to steep thermal gradient, leading to severe mechanical anisotropy and degradations in properties. In this study, we proposed a novel compositional design strategy to promote the columnar to equiaxed transition of prior and modify laths to equiaxed grains in as-printed Ti alloys. Experimentally, growth-restricting solute (Ni) and grain refiner (B) were simultaneously coated on Ti powder through powder surface modification approach, and both of them played significant roles in microstructural evolution. During the phase transformation, Ni and B produced high constitutional supercooling, leading to the significant grain refinement and elimination of columnar of prior grains. Subsequently, the refined grains in combination of the heterogeneous nucleation effect of TiB formed from B facilitated the formation of equiaxed grains during the phase transformation. Our results demonstrate that complete elimination of columnar prior grains and fully equiaxed grains were successfully achieved in as-printed alloy. Furthermore, it is elucidated that the competition between the negative effects of Ni -induced brittle eutectoid and the positive role of lath to equiaxed grain transition on ductility of as-printed Ti-Ni-B alloys was governed by the eutectoid morphology and dependent on the Ni-B content. To obtain synergy of mechanical isotropy and tensile properties, the content was optimized to be and the asprinted alloy exhibited excellent comprehensive tensile properties with mechanical anisotropy below . The fundamental insights into alloy compositional design and microstructural control further inspired us to develop a series of new coated powders, such as and powder. Their corresponding as-printed alloys exhibited controllable microstructure and outstanding mechanical performance.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 53-53

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-24

Accepted:
2024-03-14

Online:
2024-09-03

Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Jinhu Liu , Feihong Wang , Yongfeng Liang and Junpin Lin

State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

ajinhumail@163.com, d202110542@xs.ustb.edu.cn, cliangyf@skl.ustb.edu.cn, dlinjunpin@ustb.edu.cn

Keywords: Thin wall, Titanium alloys, Electron Beam Selective Melting

Abstract

Titanium alloys are attractive biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. The additive manufacturing method provides a new method for preparing porous materials, which can prepare porous titanium alloys with more complex shapes and sizes. This study used Ti-6Al-2Zr-2V-1Mo titanium alloy for electron beam selective melting to prepare porous titanium alloy. Thin wall titanium alloys with different thicknesses from to exhibit excellent mechanical properties near the forming limit. It is observed that porosity values increased from to , leads to a decrease in tensile strength from 350 MPa to 250 MPa . Tensile experiments and cross-sectional analysis show that metallurgical bonding between powders can be effectively achieved by controlling the beam spot diameter of the electron beam, leaving pores close to the powder particle size. This study provides a highly promising forming strategy for biomedical titanium alloys and catalytic carrier titanium alloys.

References

Additive Manufacturing Technology for Porous Metal Implant Applications and Triple Minimal Surface Structures: A Review. L. Yuan, S. Ding, Wen. C, Bioactive Materials 2019, 4, 56-70.

Microstructure and mechanical behavior of porous parts obtained by selective laser melting. E. Sallica-Leva, A. L. Jardini, J. B. Fogagnolo, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 26, 98-108 (2013).

Radially Graded Porous Structure Design for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy. M. Kas, O. Yilmaz, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 2021, 296, 117186.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 54-54

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-06-06

Accepted:
2024-06-06

Online:
2024-09-03

Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

M. Bermingham , J. Zhang , M. Dargusch

School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.

m.bermingham@uq.edu.au, jingqi.zhang@uq.edu.au, m.dargusch@uq.edu.au

Keywords: Additive manufacturing, titanium alloys, alloy design, grain refinement, mechanical properties

Abstract

The steep thermal gradients experienced during metal additive manufacturing (AM) creates challenges for achieving consistency in as-manufactured product. In most titanium alloys produced by Laser-Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) the grain structure adopts course columnar grains and creates strong microstructural texture. Furthermore, in many titanium alloys the thermal cycling experienced with each new layer can promote heterogeneously distributed phases throughout the part. Both of these issues can impart anisotropic, inconsistent and inferior mechanical properties in AM parts. In this work we outline an alloy design pathway to unlocking consistent, uniform and enhanced mechanical properties in a metastable -Ti alloy. Using Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (Ti-5553) as a model alloy, we demonstrate that the addition of molybdenum (Mo) nano-particles during the LPBF process can simultaneously address these two issues. The Mo particles promote grain refinement during solidification while also suppressing the formation of phase heterogeneities during solid-state thermal cycling. This results in enhanced and uniform mechanical proprieties directly from AM without the need for post-processing.

Chapter 8

Session 4 - Posters

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 57-57

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-02

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

Seyed Masoud Ashrafizadeh , Roger Pelletier , Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem , Louis-Philippe Lefebvre , Stephen Yue

¹Department of Mining and Materials Science and Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada.

AP&C Advanced Powder and Coating, a GE Additive Company, Saint-Eustace, Quebec, Canada

seyed.m.ashrafizadeh@mail.mcgill.ca, oger.pelletire@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca, mahdi.habibnehad@ge.com, louis-philippe.lefebvre@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca, steve.yue@mcgill.ca

Keywords: Additive manufacturing, spreadability, powder layer density; flowability.

Abstract

Spreadability is a crucial parameter affecting the efficiency and quality of powder bed additive manufacturing (AM), processes [1-4]. This study delves into the various methodologies for assessing spreadability with a focus on single-layer and multi-layer approaches. Six Ti6Al4V powders with different particle size distributions (PSDs) were evaluated using single and multilayer methodologies. Experiments were conducted to estimate the capability to spread thin layers of powders using two distinct metrics: the spreading coverage area, determined via image analysis, and the measurement of mass and relative density for single and multi-layer spreading. In the single-layer assessments, different powders present distinct powder layer patterns and various types of defects in multi-layer evaluations, it was found that the average layer densities were linked to the packing properties, including apparent density, conditioned bulk density, and tapped density. Our findings highlight the impact of varying PSDs on the measured metrics, offering insights into the optimization of spreadability in AM processes. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of material behavior in PBF, paving the way for enhanced precision and quality in additive manufacturing applications.

References

Mussatto, Andre, et al. "Influences of powder morphology and spreading parameters on the powder bed topography uniformity in powder bed fusion metal additive manufacturing." Additive Manufacturing 38 (2021): 101807.

Nan, Wenguang, and Yiqing Gu. "Experimental investigation on the spreadability of cohesive and frictional powder." Advanced Powder Technology 33.3 (2022): 103466.

Miao, Guanxiong, et al. "A literature review on powder spreading in additive manufacturing." Additive Manufacturing (2022): 103029.

Snow, Zackary, Richard Martukanitz, and Sanjay Joshi. "On the development of powder spreadability metrics and feedstock requirements for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing." Additive Manufacturing 28 (2019): 78-86.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 58-59

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Felipe Kowaski Martins , João Felipe Queiroz Rodrigues , Rodrigo José Contieri , Juliano Soyama , Rubens Caram

¹Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleyev 200, 13083-860 Campinas, Brazil.

School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 3484-350 Limeira, Brazil

jsoyama@unicamp.br, caram@fem.unicamp.br

Keywords: Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Ti-5553; Ti-42Nb

Abstract

Ti-5553 (Ti-5Al-5V-5Mo-3Cr-0.5Fe) is a beta metastable Ti alloy typically applied in aerospace applications due to its high specific strength and outstanding fatigue resistance. Additionally, the mechanical properties of Ti-5553 can be significantly altered by heat treatments including in thick cross sections . However, with heat treatments that increase strength, ductility typically drops. Ti-42Nb is a beta-stable Ti alloy with applications in the biomedical field due to its low elastic modulus. The effect of Nb is well known in decreasing the elastic modulus and stabilizing the phase [3], which is more ductile than . Consequently, a combination of a high-strength and heat-treatable material (Ti-5553) with a more ductile alloy (Ti-42Nb) could improve the trade-off between strength and ductility. In this work, the feasibility of preparing alternate layers of Ti-5553 and Ti-42Nb forming a sandwich structure by Laser Powder Bed Fusion was investigated. This additive manufacturing technique allows freeform design and tight control over layer thickness. Consequently, corresponds to an exclusive route to prepare sandwich structures with layers in the order of . Specimen preparation was conducted using pre-alloyed powders of Ti-5553 and Ti-42 Nb with particle size . The powders were fed into two separate hoppers inside an OMNISINT-160 Laser Powder Bed Fusion from Omnitek, Brazil. A Laser power of 209 W was employed to build layers of per scan. The targeted layer thickness for Ti- 5553 was and for Ti-42Nb was . Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 10 mm and 13 mm in height were prepared through the addition of material at the top of the cylinder, thus the building direction was oriented along the longitudinal axis. Microstructural characterization was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction. The densification was measured by image analysis using Light Optical Microscopy and the software ImageJ. The evaluation of mechanical properties was conducted with Vickers hardness measurements. Thermo-Calc calculations were performed with the diffusion modulus to evaluate diffusional effects in the homogenization of the layer materials. The results indicated that achieving a sandwich structure with Ti-5553 and Ti-42Nb by Laser Powder Bed Fusion was feasible with a well-defined layer interface, Figure 1. A high densification of about was achieved. Nevertheless, the porosity was mostly located at the interface between layers and occurred with an elongated shape. The observed structures in the as-built condition were Ti- in the case of both alloys. The chemical composition of the layers was slightly different than the nominal values indicating that diffusion of alloying elements took place. ThermoCalc calculations revealed that the solid-state diffusion should affect a thickness of , whereas dilution of elements in the range of was experimentally observed. Consequently, this indicates that convection in the liquid or diffusion involving the liquid-solid interface was mostly responsible for the dilution at the interface. In the as-build condition, the Vickers hardness of the Ti-5553 layer was , while Ti-42Nb was . In conclusion, the feasibility of preparing fine layers of alternating Ti alloys was shown and even though some dilution was observed at the interface, the mechanical properties remained distinct in each layer.

References

S.K. Kar, A. Ghosh, N. Fulzele and A. Bhattacharjee, Quantitative microstructural characterization of a near beta Ti alloy, Ti-5553 under different processing conditions, Mater. Charact. 81 (2013), pp. 37-48.

K.N. Campo, D.R. Andrade, V.C. Opini, M.G. Mello, E.S.N. Lopes and R. Caram, On the hardenability of Nb-modified metastable beta Ti-5553 alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 667 (2016), pp. 211-218.

D. Kent, G. Wang and M. Dargusch, Effects of phase stability and processing on the mechanical properties of Ti-Nb based Ti alloys, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 28 (2013), pp. 15-25.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 60-61

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

L.A.R. Leão , M.C. Sangali , J.F.Q. Rodrigues , G.V. Prandi , M. Valentim , L.S. Silva , L.F. Starck , R. Caram , R.J. Contieri

1Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleyev 200, 13083-860 Campinas, Brazil.

School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Rua Pedro Zaccaria, 1300, 3484-350 Limeira, Brazil

a*1253125@dac.unicamp.br, marcio.sangali@gmail.com, cjfunifei@gmail.com, g242664@dac.unicamp.br, Matheus.valentim.mv@gmail.com, Issilva@unicamp.br,

Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Titanium Alloys, Ti-Nb, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF).

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are notable in biomaterials for their corrosion resistance, strength, and biocompatibility. Ti-Nb alloys are particularly valued for their low modulus of elasticity, resembling human bone, crucial for effective orthopedic implants[1]. These alloys can have their elasticity tailored by varying niobium content, creating compositional gradients[2,3]. Such gradients, produced using Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF), enable precision in fabricating threedimensional parts with near-net shapes and specific mechanical properties[4]. This mimics biological tissues' natural gradational properties, enhancing implant integration and promoting bone ingrowth while minimizing stress shielding[5,6,7].

References

M. Kaur, K. Singh, Review on titanium and titanium based alloys as biomaterials for orthopaedic applications, Materials Science and Engineering C 102 (2019) 844-862.

M. Bönisch, A. Panigrahi, M. Calin, T. Waitz, M. Zehetbauer, W. Skrotzki, J. Eckert, Thermal stability and latent heat of Nb-rich martensitic Ti-Nb alloys, J Alloys Compd 697 (2017) 300-309.

J.M. Borgman, J. Wang, L. Zani, P.P. Conway, C. Torres-Sanchez, The Effect of Energy Density and Nb Content on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Selective Laser Melted Ti-(10-30 wt.%) Nb, J Mater Eng Perform 30 (2021) 8771-8783.

S. Liu, Y.C. Shin, Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review, Mater Des 164 (2019).

A.C. Ahn, A.J. Grodzinsky, Relevance of collagen piezoelectricity to "Wolff's Law": A critical review, Med Eng Phys 31 (2009) 733-741.

M. Nakai, M. Niinomi, T. Akahori, H. Tsutsumi, S. Itsuno, N. Haraguchi, Y. Itoh, T. Ogasawara, T. Onishi, T. Shindoh, Development of biomedical porous titanium filled with medical polymer by in-situ polymerization of monomer solution infiltrated into pores, J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 3 (2010) 41-50.

X. Zhao, M. Niinomi, M. Nakai, T. Ishimoto, T. Nakano, Development of high Zr-containing Ti-based alloys with low Young's modulus for use in removable implants, Materials Science and Engineering C 31 (2011) 1436-1444.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 62-62

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-14

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

He Lin

1Advanced Materials Additive Manufacturing Innovation Research Center, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, 310015, China.

Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Titanium, Mechanical Metamaterials, Sinter-based Fabrication, Structural Optimization

Abstract

The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) for Titanium has attracted considerable attention for its potential to transform the production of intricate structures tailored to specific properties. This study focuses on Sinter-based AM applied specifically to Titanium, proposing an innovative method to create metal mechanical metamaterials. These materials consist of periodic porous structures made of rods, plates, or similar units arranged in three-dimensional space. This research introduces a new approach that combines hollow rod design with localized node reinforcement to control the deformation behaviour of Titanium metamaterials effectively. Through theoretical modelling and experimental validation, the study examines the competitive interactions among deformation mechanisms like tension, bending, and shear in hollow rods. Furthermore, it investigates how localized reinforcement at nodes influences the mechanical response. This methodology not only provides insights for designing lightweight, high-strength Titanium metamaterials but also advances the integration of material, structure, and function. The research aims to overcome existing limitations in strength-density trade-offs associated with Titanium alloys, offering new pathways for enhancing additive manufacturing in metal mechanical metamaterials.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 63-63

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy

M. Valentim , J.F.Q. Rodrigues , G.V. Prandi , M.C. Sangali , R. Caram

¹Department of Manufacturing and Materials Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleyev 200, 13083-860 Campinas, Brazil.

funifei@gmail.com, g242664@dac.unicamp.br, marcio.sangali@gmail.com, caram@fem.unicamp.br

Keywords: Lattice Structures, Laminar Composites, Titanium Alloys, LPBF.

Abstract

This study explores the enhancement of multimaterial cellular lattice structures via additive manufacturing, leveraging and Ti-5553 alloys to refine mechanical properties through strategic reinforcement layering. Adopting a dual-alloy strategy, it assesses the interplay between the biocompatible and the structurally superior , aiming to boost the mechanical performance and durability of the produced components. Optimization of reinforcement placement was achieved using a genetic algorithm and reinforcement layer thickness was adjusted to maintain integrity post-melt pool processing. Post-solubilization, an aging treatment at was identified as critical for increasing hardness and elastic modulus, especially in the reinforcement phase, highlighting a significant enhancement in hardening and a pronounced variation in mechanical properties between the matrix and reinforcement phases. Compression testing demonstrated these thermal treatments' effectiveness, showing improvements up to in load-bearing capacity and mechanical resilience of the multimaterial structures. These findings affirm the method's potential in advancing the structural and mechanical qualities of parts manufactured through additive processes, offering promising prospects for applications in industries requiring advanced material performance [ ].

References

Vilardell, Anna M., et al. "Topology optimization and characterization of Ti6Al4V ELI cellular lattice structures by laser powder bed fusion for biomedical applications." Materials Science and Engineering: A 766 (2019).

Schwab, Holger, et al. "Processing of Ti-5553 with improved mechanical properties via an insitu heat treatment combining selective laser melting and substrate plate heating." Materials & Design 130 (2017).

Jin, Nan, et al. "Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of selective laser melted Ti-6Al-4V lattice materials." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 190 (2021).

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Chapter 9

Session 5: Powder Production and Characterisation

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 67-67

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

A. Neveu , F. Francqui , G. Lumay

Granutools, Rue Jean-Lambert Defrêne 107, 4340 Awans, Belgium.

Liège University, Allée du 6 août, 4000 Liège, Belgium

a*aurelien.neveu@granutools.com, filip.francqui@granutools.com, geoffroy.lumay@uliege.be

Keywords: Metal powder, spreadability, powder characterization, cohesive index, flowability

Abstract

Metallic powders are widely used in Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes, with for example Selective Laser Melting (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). During such operations, successive thin layers of powder are created with a ruler or with a rotating cylinder and then partially melted with an energy beam. The layer thickness defines the vertical resolution, a thin layer leads to a better resolution. In order to obtain a thin layer, the powder is as fine as possible. Unfortunately, when the grain size decreases, the cohesiveness increases and the spreadability decreases. Consequently, the spreadability must be good enough to obtain homogenous successive layers. The quality of the build parts is thus directly related to the powder flowing properties. In a previous study, the spreadability of metal powders has been shown to be strongly linked to their rheological properties measured in a rotating drum (Granudrum, Granutools)1. This first investigation highlighted the importance of powder rheology on spreadability, especially when varying the recoater translational speed. In the present work, a more extensive experimental study has been carried on to complement the previous results, with in situ evaluation of the spreadability in the printer (SLM280, SLM Solutions). The study covers a broad range of materials commonly used in SLM (Ti alloys, Al alloys, SS316, FeCo alloys), including different size distributions. To evaluate the spreadability, several powder layers are deposited with the recoater, and pictures of the powder bed are taken after each recoater pass. An image analysis processing is then applied to extract the interface fluctuation, a measure of the homogeneity of the layer associated to the spreadability of the powder. The spreadability is then correlated with the cohesiveness and the rheology of the powders evaluated with a rotating drum method (GranuDrum, Granutools, Belgium). Especially, we demonstrate that the Cohesive Index metric, based on the powder/air interface fluctuations, is a good indicator for predicting the spreadability of the powder in the printer. Therefore, the powder ability to spread can be estimated beforehand without requiring to produce large batch to fill the machine. This provides a cost-effective way to select the optimal powder and recoating configurations that leads to better layer quality.

References

[1] How to Relate the Spreadability of Powder to the layer homogeneity in powder bed fusion additive manufacturing: a correlation between cohesion assessments and in situ printer measurements, A. Neveu, F. Francqui, and G. Lumay, Progress in Additive Manufacturing (2020).

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 68-68

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-16

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

V. Kruzhanov , A. Gonchar , V. Troshchylo , A. Brodskyy , V. Yarovynskyi, , O. Chukhmanov , A. Yarovinskyi

PM Consulting, Remscheid, Germany;

VELTA RD TITAN LLC, Dnipro, Ukraine;;

VELTA HOLDING US INC, Wilmington, New Castle, USA;

VELTA LLC, Dnipro, Ukraine;

Titanera LLC, Dnipro, Ukraine;

kruzhanov@pm-mim-consulting.com, andriy.gonchar@innovativetio2.com, viktor.troshchylo@innovativetio2.com, brodsky7@gmail.com, vladimir.velta@gmail.com,

oleksandr.chukhmanov@innovativetio2.com, artem.yarovinsky@titanera.io

Keywords: Titanium powder production technology, MIM application

Abstract

A new technology of titanium metal powder production by means of two stages reduction of titanium dioxide, using magnesium and calcium, has been developed and patented by VELTA, Ukraine. In addition to the grades of pure metal titanium, the proposed technological scheme makes it possible to obtain various titanium alloys powders by joint reduction of titanium dioxide with oxides of alloying elements. An investigated sample of the powder shows compact particles with a porosity below and a low content of interstitial elements oxygen, nitrogen and carbon under the levels of ASTM B988-18 standard for Ti Grade 1. A particle size measurement shows a broad distribution with D50 near and with a large number of very fine, almost spherical particles under . Based on the particle size distribution, a classification of the produced powder by a relatively cheap sieving technology into fractions makes it suitable for different powder metallurgical applications. For example, a fraction below can be used for Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) technology or other binder-based methods and a coarser fraction above for powder bed Additive Manufacturing and Press-Sinter technology. The fraction of the powder under ( of the product) has been tested for MIM technology. Two types of feedstock (POM-based catalytic feedstock and water-soluble PEG-based feedstock) were prepared and tested on their suitability for MIM technology. Both feedstocks show a good rheological behavior and enable the injection of the samples with a high green density. Heat treatment of the samples at 1300 in argon atmosphere results in a stable sintering with a shrinkage of about without obvious defects. The characteristics of the sintered parts comply with the ISO 22068 MIM Ti-400 standard for MIM components used in medical, chemical, aerospace and other industries. Optimisation of the sintering process (e.g. high vacuum sintering) is expected to certainly reduce the contamination with interstitial elements and so will allow this Ti Grade 1 powder to be suitable for manufacturing components that meet the requirements of the standards for MIM components Grades 1 to 3 .

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 69-69

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-03-20

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

L.P. Lefebvre , C. Charbonneau , A. Timmercan , Olivier Bergeron

National Research Council Canada, 75 de Mortagne, Boucherville, Quebec, Canada, J4B 6 Y4.

AP&C, 241 allée du golf. du Golf, Saint-Eustache, QC J7R 0L5,

louis-philippe.lefebvre@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca, cindy.charbonneau@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca, anatolie.timmercan@cnrc-nrc.gc.ca, Olivier1.Bergeron@ge.com

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, Ti6Al4V, surface, flowability, spreadability, additive manufacturing.

Abstract

Properties of Ti6Al4V powders (ex.: composition, density, conductivity and flowability) may be influenced by the surface characteritics of the particles. The surface may react with the environment and change with time. This presentation reviews some characteritics of the surface of titanium particles, how they evolve with time (storage, exposure to moisture and high temperature) and affect the properties of the powder. The titanium particles are relatively stable and the modification of the surface at room temperature is minimal. Small amount of water may adsorb on the surface of the particles and affects some properties of the powder. While the flowability and spreadability of the powder can be affected by moisture, the impact on the microstructure and properties of specimens printed using laser powder bed fusion is minimal. On the other hand, exposure of the powder to high temperature may affect the surface composition, properties and composition of the powder.

Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 70-70

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-12

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Offsize Particle Size Utilization for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V Powders: Impact on Fatigue Properties of Produced Parts

Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem

AP&C Advanced Powders and Coatings, a GE Additive Company, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

mahdi.habibnejad@ge.com

Keywords: Metal Additive Manufacturing; Laser powder bed fusion; Fatigue; Ti-6Al-4V; Powders; Particle Size Distribution; Powder Flowability; Mechanical Properties

Abstract

Laser powder bed fusion process is an additive manufacturing process that utilizes a laser to fuse powders in a bed and typically utilizes fine powders with a narrow particle size distribution, in the range of . Powder properties such as morphology, mean size and particle size distribution affect the flow properties of the powder, which in turn have strong effects on the performance of the final part. Previous work surrounding metal powders used in additive manufacturing focuses on the relationships between powder particle size distribution and flow properties. However, relationships between powder particle size distribution (PSD) and mean size to mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength, dimensional accuracy, surface roughness, and fatigue have not been explored. This work attempts to determine if "offsize powders", or coarser powder size distributions can produce viable parts for LPBF. Four plasma atomized powders with various oxygen contents and particle size distributions (PSD) were prepared by introducing powders in the range. The powders were characterized for chemistry, and flowability then printed. Parts were characterized for strength, hardness, porosity surface roughness and dimensional accuracy. The offsize powders displayed comparable flowability and flow properties to that of the benchmark or traditionally used powder. The explosivity of the powders significantly decreased by lowering the fines fraction of the powder, resulting in up to an reduction in explosion severity (KST) and an increase in minimum ignition energy (MIE) of up to . Within the printed parts, those produced by offsize powders displayed higher surface roughness, and lower yield strength and elongation to fracture. The increased surface roughness was attributed to the presence of coarser powders. The surface roughness of the produced samples increased with an increased coarse ( ) fraction of the powders, leading to an increase in roughness of up to compared to the benchmark. Despite a reduced surface roughness, the produced parts were viable, with com parable mechanical properties: for both yield and tensile strength and within for hardness without any further printer-side optimization while also realizing significant benefits to powder safety. The fatigue performance of parts printed using the standard and off-size PSDs have been also characterized by high cycle fatigue testing according to the ASTM standard E466 at different post processing conditions of as-printed, heat treated and HIP. Results confirm the viability of utilizing powders containing a higher portion of large particles to mitigate the costs associated with LPBF processes. However, it underscores a notable drop in the fatigue performance of Ti6Al-4V coupons when printing defects with maximum size larger than 25 um are present in the microstructure due to improper optimization of printing parameters. Also, the correlation amongst the microstructure and fatigue properties have been discussed.

Chapter 10

Session 6: Powder-Bed Additive Manufacturing - II

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 73-73

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

Ma Qian , Shenglu Lu , Tingting Song

Centre for Additive Manufacturing, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia

ma.qian@rmit.edu.au, shenglu.lu@rmit.edu.au, tingting.song@rmit.edu.au

Keywords: Titanium, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Ductility, Additive Manufacturing

Abstract

Several recently developed high O (e.g. ) or N (e.g. ) Ti alloys by additive manufacturing (AM) consistently exhibited high-to-exceptional tensile ductility ( ) and significant yield strength in the as-fabricated state. These results are contrary to conventional wisdom. The present authors [1] have recently proposed that, in addition to normal microstrucutral effects, the formation of the prevalent -phase variant boundaries with Type 2 misorientation may have also played an important role. However, this last point remains to be tested by experimental evidence from both high-O and high-N Ti alloys, and its clarification is expected to have a significant impact on the design and manufacturing of future strong and ductile Ti alloys for AM.

In this research, we have analysed eight high-O or high-N but Al-free Ti alloys and found that all these alloys share a common microstructural feature, namely, twin-like -phase variant boundaries with Type 2 misorientation are prevalent. The results suggest that alloying of Ti with O or N instead of Al promotes the formation of -phase variant boundaries with twin-like Type 2 misorientation. This prevalent distribution of -phase variant boundaries with Type 2 misorientation contributed to the improved combination of strength and ductility (including uniform elongation), despite the high O or N content. Experimental evidence is also provided for the unique deformation mechanism of these alloys associated with the -phase variant boundaries with Type 2 misorientation. These new observations provide different insights into the design of strong, ductile and sustainable Ti alloys for AM.

References

[1] T. Song, Z. Chen, X. Cui, S. Lu, H. Chen, H. Wang, T. Dong, B. Qin, K. C. Chan, M. Brandt, X. Liao, S. P. Ringer, M. Qian, "Strong and ductile titanium-oxygen-iron alloys by additive manufacturing", Nature, 2023, 618, 63-68.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 74-74

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Gang Chen , Wangwang Ding , Wei Cai , Zhimeng Guo , Mingli Qin , Xuanhui Qu

¹Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, P.R. China.

Institute of Materials Intelligent Technology, Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang, P.R. China.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, USA.

E-mail: gche098@ustb.edu.cn, wwangding0583@163.com, caiwei@stanford.edu, zmguo@ustb.edu.cn, qinml@mater.ustb.edu.cn, quxh@ustb.edu.cn

Keywords: Titanium; Powder; Oxide layer; Laser powder bed fusion; Tensile property.

Abstract

In general, the status of powder feedstock is critical to the microstructure and final properties of metals made by additive manufacturing. Herein, the effect of Ti powder surface with a particular emphasis on the oxide layer was investigated on the powder property, and microstructure and tensile properties of the Ti parts by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). First, the microstructure, composition and appearance color were comprehensively studied for the Ti powders with various oxygen levels from to . The oxide layer consists of and TiO with overlapping distributions, exhibiting an oxygen gradient from the outer powder surface to the oxide interface. The Ti powders with diverse oxide layers and oxygen levels were subsequently used to fabricate solid parts by LPBF. The results show that the tensile strength of the LPBF-made parts linearly increased with the oxygen level, while the ductility first gradually increased but then significantly dropped. Thus, the oxygen effect in terms of its distribution and level plays an important role in the resultant microstructure and mechanical properties of the LPBF-made Ti parts. Correlated underlying mechanisms were investigated and revealed. To our best knowledge, this study of tailoring the powder oxide layer offers a timely and creative strategy to effectively tune the microstructures and properties of Ti materials by additive manufacturing.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 75-75

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-22

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

N. Belsure , R. Sandberg , Peter Harlin , Eduard Hryha , G. Soundarapandiyan and F. Deirmina

Sandvik Additive Manufacturing, Sandvik AB, Sandviken, Sweden

Department of Materials and Manufacturing Technologies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden

nikhil.belsure@sandvik.com, Rickard.Sandberg@sandvik.com, Peter.Harlin@sandvik.com, hryha@chalmers.se, gowsou@chalmers.se, Faraz.Deirmina@sandvik.com

Keywords: Ti6Al4V, additive manufacturing, laser powder bed fusion, layer thickness, microstructure, tensile strength, impact toughness

Abstract

The technological advancements in laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) processing has led to the potential in utilizing larger powder-bed layer thicknesses aimed at increasing the productivity. Moreover, by increasing the layer thickness, coarser powder particle size distribution (PSD) may be employed. The latter drives the shift towards a more sustainable process chain, while reinforcing the business cases in additive manufacturing (AM). In this study, the effect of larger layer thickness (i.e., using recommended PSD of 15 to , as well as feedstock powder with a coarser PSD (i.e., 15 to ) on the surface characteristics, heat treated microstructure, and mechanical properties of Ti64 components is evaluated. The results were then compared with that of layer thickness, using a PSD of 15 to .

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 76-76

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-12

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Mahdi Habibnejad-Korayem

¹Advanced Powder and Coating, A GE additive division, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-438-334-2782; fax: +1 905-525-9140.

E-mail address: manhdi.habibnjad@ge.com.

Keywords: Ti-6AI-4V, Laser poder bed fusion, fatigue, microstructure

Abstract

A high degree of consistency in the chemical composition of powder feedstock could influence powder flowing, packing ability, and consequently the final properties of printed components. For the case of composition, one of the main elements influencing the final properties of printed components is the oxygen content, which can be distributed at either the interstitial free positions or surface forming different grades of 23 and 5 . In general, the main criterion to select among the above material grades is the fact that higher oxygen content of the grade 5 would enhance the strength results and the lower oxygen content of the grade 23 would result in superior ductility. The mixture of the above grades could also yield the target oxygen content but would bring inconsistency and heterogeneity in the localized oxygen distribution. This paper is to present the experimental data to clarify the uncertainties introduced to the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processability of the uniform and mixed powders and comment on the final mechanical and physical properties of LPBF printed components. For this purpose, two powder batches: i) a batch of grade 23 , containing Oxygen content, and ii) a mixture of the grade 5 powder, with oxygen, and the grade 23 containing Oxygen content resulting in a global oxygen content of have been designed and processed by LPBF process to assess the resulted microstructure. The paper investigates the effect of oxygen homogeneity of powder feedstocks on additive manufacturing (AM) processability, and laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) printed properties of plasma atomized above powders. The study presents results of roughness and porosity measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles, microstructure analysis, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) orientation maps, tensile and fatigue properties. The samples also were post-processed through stress relief, heat treat and hot isostatic processes. Also the results have been compared with the previous study performed by the same authors to mix the regular grade 5 and grade 23 powders with equal global oxygen content of .

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 77-77

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-06

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

C. Romero , A. Santos , P. Rodrigo , B. Torres , J. Rams

Materials Science and Engineering Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.

carlos.romero@urjc.es, alejandro.santosv@urjc.es, pilar.rodrigo@urjc.es, belen.torres@urjc.es, ejoaquin.rams@urjc.es

Abstract

Titanium alloys subjected to cyclic loading present a significant reduction in their fatigue life when the maximum load is held for periods of time, a phenomenon named dwell fatigue, in which cold creep and fatigue interact. In this loading regime, microstructural and crystallographic features play a key role in the initiation of cracks [1], such as is the presence of micro-textured regions in forged Ti alloys [2]. This behaviour, whose mechanisms are still unclear, has been studied for ingot alloys with different compositions and microstructures, but it has not been assessed for additively manufactured (AM) Ti. Considering that many AM processes result in strong crystallographic textures and coarse microstructures, the behaviour of these alloys could be severely affected. In this work, Ti-6Al-4V ELI is processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion and subsequently annealed under two conditions. The fatigue and cold-dwell fatigue of these conditions is characterised. As baseline conditions, rolled under similar annealing conditions are also studied. The mechanisms behind their behaviour are discussed based on the microstructure and texture of these conditions.

References

C. Lavogiez, S. Hémery, P. Villechaise, Analysis of deformation mechanisms operating under fatigue and dwell-fatigue loadings in an titanium alloy, Int J Fatigue 131 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2019.105341.

K.U. Yazar, A. Bhattacharjee, S. Suwas, Effect of Thermomechanical Processing on the Dwell Fatigue Behaviour of Near Alpha Titanium Alloy IMI 834, JOM 75 (2023) 218-231. .

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Chapter 11

Session 6 - Posters

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 81-82

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Ruochen , Yifeng YIN , Zhengguan LU , Lei XU

School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 110016, Shenyang, China

Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016, Shenyang, China

rcli21s@imr.ac.cn, yfyin21s@imr.ac.cn, zglu13s@imr.ac.cn, xu@imr.ac.cn

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, Selective laser melting, Porosity, High-cycle fatigue, Hot isostatic press

Abstract

Titanium alloy has been widely applied in the aerospace industry due to its high specific strength, excellent fatigue properties and outstanding corrosion resistance . However, the high production cost hinders its further application on green transportation engineering such as automotive industry . Compared with the conventional casting and forging routes, powder metallurgy (PM) is a cost-effective method for titanium alloy components through near-net-shape manufacturing . As known, the number of cycles at is considered as the "fatigue limit" subsequently. However, Mughrabi reported that fatigue failures can occur even at the stress amplitudes below the HCF fatigue limit. The fatigue failure in titanium alloy turbine blades and disks may occur at more than 10 million cycles or under VHCF regime up to cycles . Thus, to investigate the mechanism of fatigue behavior is an important and challenging goal of producing high-quality AM parts for engineering applications.

References

D. Banerjee, J.C. Williams, Acta Mater. 61 (2013) 844-879.

R. Yang, Acta Metall. Sin. 51 (2015) 129-147 in Chinese.

R. Guo, L. Xu, B.Y. Zong, R. Yang, Acta Metall. Sin. 30 (2017) 735-744.

F. Cao, K.S. Ravi Chandran, P. Kumar, P. Sun, Z.Z. Fang, M. Koopman, Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47 (2016) 2335-2345.

M. Cheng, B. Yu, R. Guo, X. Shi, L. Xu, J. Qiao, R. Yang, J. Mater. Res. Technol. 10 (2021) 153-163.

F.H. Froes, S.J. Mashl, V.S. Moxson, J.C. Hebeisen, V.A. Duz, JOM 55 (2004) 81-91.

H. Mughrabi, Fatigue Fract. Eng. Mater. Struct. 25 (2002) 755-764.

A.A. Shanyavskiy, Int. J. Fatigue 28 (2006) 1647-1657.

Z. Huang, H. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wagner, M. Khan, Q. Wang, Int. J. Fatigue 93(2016)232-237.

Y. Yan, G. Liu, P. Nash, Int. J. Fatigue 55 (2013) 81-91.

F. Cao, P. Kumar, M. Koopman, C. Lin, Z.Z. Fang, K.S.R. Chandran, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 630 (2015) 139-145.

J. Günther, D. Krewerth, T. Lippmann, S. Leuders, T. Tröster, A. Weidner, H. Biermann, T. Niendorf, Int. J. Fatigue 94 (2017) 236-245.

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Chapter 12

Session 7: Metal Injection Molding and Sinter-Based Additive Manufacturing

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 85-85

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-08

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

C. Kukla , E. Gordo , S. Schuschnigg , J. Villemur , P. Luna , C. Holzer

Research and Innovation Service, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria.

GTP - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain.

Institute of Polymer Processing, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, 8700 Leoben, Austria.

christian.kukla@unileoben.ac.at, egordo@ing.uc3m.es,

stephan.schuschnigg@unileoben.ac.at, djvillemu@pa.uc3m.es, pluna@ing.uc3m.es, Clemens.Holzer@unileoben.ac.at

Keywords: Metal Injection Moulding; indirect Additive Manufacturing; titanium and titanium alloys; powder-polymer interaction

Abstract

For the processing of metal powders by Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) or indirect methods of Additive Manufacturing (AM) polymers of different kinds are employed. Usually, the task of these polymers is to enable the shaping of a certain geometry and to maintain this shape down to the first cohesive effects of sintering. Nowadays, for the production of metal parts one goal is to get rid of the polymer as complete as possible. Another possibility is to use the polymer or at least part of it, mainly the carbon, for the metallurgical process of forming the final part in sintering as a process of heat treatment. Titanium is a metal, which is reacting with carbon easily. The question in focus here is how to utilise the carbon or some of it in the powder metallurgical processing of titanium. To investigate this question, we selected two different powders, CPTi and , and mixed them with two different polymers, polypropylene PP and low-density polyethylene LDPE. As a compatibilizer stearic acid SA was used. The polymers were selected because they are normally used as backbone in binder systems, and show a significantly different thermal degradation behaviour. Thus, the amount and type of carbon during thermal degradation is expected to be different.. The study comprises the preparation of polymer-powder blendings with up to powder to resemble the conditions after solvent debinding; the shaping in discs, and TG-DTA experiments in air and in Ar to find out the temperature of backbone removal ( Tr ). Isothermal experiments are also done to know about the polymer removal with time. The different interaction of the polymers with the titanium powders is investigated, with a special attention to the interaction of hydride decomposition and polymer degradation.

References

Thermal decomposition of polyolefins under different oxygen content. Kinetic parameters evaluation, Ż Witold, G. Berkowicz-Pł, J Wrona, Energy (2024), doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130565

Kinetics of the Thermal and Thermo-Oxidative Degradation of Polystyrene, Polyethylene and Poly(propylene), J.D.Peterson, S. Vyazovkin, C.A. Wight, Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2001, 202, 775-784,<775::AID-MACP775>;2-G

Structural-temporal approach for dynamic strength characterization of gabbro-diabase 01042. Y. Petrov, A. Bragov, A. Evstifeev and E. Cadoni, EPJ Web of Conferences 94, 01042 (2015)

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 86-87

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-10

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

T. Vilella , G. Fargas , L. Llanes and D. Rodríguez

Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona-Tech (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besos-EEBE, Av. Eduard Maristany 10, 08019 Barcelona, Spain

CIEFMA-Department of Materials Science, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona-Tech (UPC), Campus Diagonal Besos-EEBE, Barcelona 08019, Spain

Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona-Tech, Campus Diagonal Besòs-EEBE, Barcelona 08019, Spain

tania.vilella@upc.edu, gemma.fargas@upc.edu, daniel.rodriguez.rius@upc.edu

Keywords: titanium, direct ink writing, titanium-niobium scaffolds.

Abstract

Titanium-based alloys have long held a significant position in the biomedical field due to their remarkable properties, especially in applications where mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and even shape memory properties are essential. Among these materials, Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) alloys are promising in the biomedical field due to their unique mechanical and shape memory attributes. However, the prevalence of nickel hypersensitivity has triggered substantial concerns within the biomedical field, leading to extensive research into Ni-free Titanium-based alloys as viable alternatives for diverse biomedical applications . This work focuses on a novel approach for creating porous scaffolds for biomedical applications using a Titanium-Niobium (TiNb) alloy that holds promising shape memory properties, intending to tackle the prevalent problem of nickel hypersensitivity. To achieve this objective, Titanium-Niobium scaffolds were fabricated with a Direct Ink Writing (DIW) device, by combining metallic powders (Ti and Nb) with a hydrogel (Pluronic F-127®), used as a binder. Subsequent to the printing phase, samples underwent a 12 h treatment in an oven at for binder removal, followed by sintering at different temperatures , and ) in a tubular furnace under vacuum ( ) during 2 h . Detailed observations employing SEM on polished samples revealed the presence of multiple phases within the scaffolds. Samples containing Nb, exhibited at least two distinguishable phases, while those containing only Ti remained monophasic. This observation was further confirmed through an in-depth analysis via XRD, validating the occurrence of atomic diffusion among the metallic powders. Furthermore, rising sintering temperatures resulted in noticeable increases in shrinkage and microhardness, which was attributed to enhanced solid-state diffusion facilitated by elevated temperatures. In essence, this research successfully showcased the viability of producing porous TiNb scaffolds through the Direct Ink Writing technique, where the adjustment of sintering temperature, porosity, and mechanical behavior of the scaffolds could be tuned.

Acknowledgement

T. Vilella has been supported by a predoctoral fellowship from the Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering of the UPC. This work was supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR 2017 SGR1165) and Spanish State Research Agency (project PID2021 ), co-funded by the EU through European Regional Development Funds.

References

A. Ramezannejad, et al., Solid State and Materials Science. 23(6) (2019).

J.C. Wang, et al., Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 105 (2022).

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 88-89

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion

T. Marter

Process Engineering, Element 22 GmbH, 24148 Kiel, Germany

E-mail: tim.marter@element22.com

Keywords: Titanium, Sintering, Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing (LMM), Cold Metal Fusion (CMF), mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy, density

Abstract

This study delves into the nuanced challenges of additive manufacturing, specifically focusing on the application of sinter-based processes for reactive materials, with Titanium as the focal point. The thermal debinding and sintering processes, crucial steps in shaping, are analysed with an emphasis on the intricate control required for the removal of polymeric binders, especially concerning the reactivity of metals during these processes. Historically, the emphasis has been on materials like 316 L and due to their straightforward thermal debinding and sintering processes. However, the shift to Titanium and its alloys introduces complexities, requiring special debinding and meticulous control of interstitial elements such as C and O to adhere to stringent material standards such as ASTM F2885-17. This research examines the various stages of shaping progressions, addressing specific requirements like green part strength, flexibility (filaments), flowability (Metal Injection Moulding), and crosslinking (Stereolithography). The focus lies on achieving thermal removal with minimal residuals and reactivity, particularly in the context of reactive metals. Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing (LMM) and Cold Metal Fusion (CMF) emerge as significant additive manufacturing processes for small to medium-sized batches of titanium parts, utilizing sinter-based production setups. Both processes not only serve as alternatives to Metal Injection Moulding but also contribute to cost-effectiveness and sustainability through the efficient reuse of unused feedstock. The selection of the optimal shaping technology for individual parts becomes critical, considering mechanical properties, final density, acceptance of interstitials, complexity, wall thickness, overhangs, and internal structures. This presentation provides a detailed analysis of LithographyBased Metal Manufacturing, comparing it with the Cold Metal Fusion process. Key considerations include mechanical properties, surface finishes, and cost, shedding light on the technical intricacies and trade-offs inherent in each technology.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 90-91

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-02

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V

S. Cano Cano , L. Vogel , J. Bosters , C. Burkhardt , G. Harakály

Incus GmbH 1220 Vienna, Austria

Institute for Precious and Technology Metals, University of Applied Science Pforzheim, 75175

Pforzheim, Germany.

Santiago.canocano@incus3d.com; lucas.vogel@hs-pforzheim.de,

Johannes.bosters@incus3d.com, carlo.burkhardt@hs-pforzheim.de

gyoergy.harakaly@incus3d.com,

Keywords: Additive manufacturing; Lithography based Metal Manufacturing; Binder; Debinding; Ti6Al4V

Abstract

The Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing (LMM) process of Incus is a sinter-based additive manufacturing process that relays on the curing of a photoreactive system highly-filled with metal powder for the shaping of parts. The organic components are subsequently removed in the debinding step prior to the sintering of the parts. LMM combines the design flexibility of the additive manufacturing technologies with unique advantages. The small layer thickness (typically or smaller, depending on the powder size) and the pixel size of enable the production of small components and features, as well as a low surface roughness. Moreover, the powder is carried by the polymeric matrix, facilitating the handling, and reducing the risk of explosion by the loose powder. Applying the inherent strengths of the LMM process to titanium alloys has the potential to unlock the production of components with novel features for sectors such as medicine, electronics or consumer goods [1]. In this work, the LMM of Ti6A14V is addressed, which requires the solution of certain challenges. The most critical is the higher thermal resistance of the crosslinked polymeric system after the curing in the shaping step. Removing the polymeric binder without residues is already a challenging step in well stablished processes such as titanium metal injection moulding, which use thermoplastic binders with lower thermal resistance that those typically used in LMM [2]. Thus, the main objective of this study was the development of new Ti6Al4V feedstocks with low thermal degradation temperatures and low residual carbon. The viscosity of the feedstocks must be also low enough to ensure the proper coating of material when creating a new layer and to facilitate the melting of the non-polymerized feedstock in the decaking step. Furthermore, the curing in the shaping process must be controlled, i.e. without overpolymerization that might damage the resolution of small features, and with minimal shrinkage to reduce the warpage and deformation as subsequent layers are produced. Considering the previously mentioned criteria, multicomponent binders were designed and tested after the selection of commercially available components with low charring and low thermal degradation temperatures. The thermal degradation of the binders was evaluated by means of thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and used as first selection criteria. Following, Ti6Al4V feedstocks were produced with the most promising binders and their viscosity and processability by LMM evaluated. Measuring the carbon content of sintered LMM parts showed the strong correlation between the thermal degradation behaviour evaluated with TGA and the composition of the final components. On this manner, the feedstock formulation was developed in an iterative process that enabled the selection of the components and the adjustment of their fractions to ensure the production of defect free parts with the lowest possible carbon content. The debinding and sintering development was done in parallel to that of feedstock to accelerate the process, and reference samples were used to better determine the effectiveness of the introduced changes.

References

Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing of jewelry and watch cases. Burkhardt C., Brito N., Mungenast M., Armbruster C., Baum A. Proceedings of Santa Fe Symposium (2022).

Development and Design of Binder Systems for Titanium Metal Injection Molding: An Overview. Wen, G., Cao, P., Gabbitas, B., Zhand D. and Edmonds N. Metall Mater Trans A 44, 1530-1547 (2013).

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 92-93

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-03

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

L.Vogel , R. Moreno Lopez , G. Harakály , S. Cano Cano , A. Baum , M. Zimmermann , C. Burkhardt

MetShape GmbH, 75175 Pforzheim, Germany

Institute for Precious and Technology Metals, University of Applied Science Pforzheim, 75175 Pforzheim, Germany.

Incus GmbH, 1220 Vienna, Austria

Institute for Material Science, Chair of Mechanics of Materials and Failure Analysis, Technical University Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany.

gyoergy.harakaly@incus3d.com, santiago.canocano@incus3d.com, andreas.baum@metshape.de, martina.zimmermann@tu-dresden.de, carlo.burkhardt@metshape.de

Keywords: Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing, LMM, Nickel Titanium, NiTi, sinter-based additive manufacturing, additive manufacturing,

Abstract

Equiatomic Nickel-Titanium alloys are known for their unique property combination of excellent biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and functional thermomechanical properties referred to as shape memory (SM) and super-elasticity (SE). This combination enables the application of the alloy in various industries, where they can be utilized as actuators or in medical devices such as stents . However, the conventional manufacturing of NiTi uses semi-finished goods followed by complex processes such as thermomechanical shaping and heat treatment to achieve the wanted geometry and properties [3]. Due to the poor machinability of the material, manufacturing of complex geometries is limited [4]. All functional properties of the alloys are dictated by the microstructure of the material, which is influenced by the Ni/Ti ratio, the phase formation, the impurity content and the thermal condition during the manufacturing. Therefore, major effort in process chain development is allocated to addressing these challenges. Additive manufacturing (AM) offers potential of the freedom of design and may enable novel applications of NiTi. While most research on AM of NiTi focuses on direct AM technologies (e.g. LPBF, EBM) [5], there are only limited publications available on sinter-based approaches [6-9]. Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) implies the introduction of a texture in the material by ingenious selection of parameters, which enables a fine tuning of the material properties. However, there are some inherent hurdles in manufacturing NiTi alloys via LPBF, i.e. the risk of evaporation of Nickel during the processing, limitations in the minimal feature size, the need of support structures and a comparable high surface roughness requiring costly post processing [10]. In comparison, sinter-based technologies have shown to keep the Ti ratio of the starting material while achieving exceptional surface quality. Here the inherent challenges lie in the choice of the proper polymer binder system and the required complex thermal process chain to remove the binder and densifying the part. The innovative Lithog-raphy-based Metal Manufacturing (LMM) technology has proven to enable manufacturing of precise parts with exceptional surface quality for stainless steels . In an initial study on the manufacturing of NiTi via LMM, the pick-up of carbon over the process chain was identified as the major challenge while processing highly reactive materials [8]. This study aims to give insights into the various challenges along the process chain of the LMM technology, starting with the selection of the raw material, explaining the manufacturing process and finally the debinding and sintering conditions. A comparison between the microstructure of the previous study and the novel developed process is shown. Also, the mechanical properties are characterized by tensile tests.

References

T. Duerig, A. Pelton, D. Stöckel, An overview of nitinol medical applications, Materials Science and Engineering: A 273-275 (1999) 149-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093 (99)00294-4.

J.E. Huber, N.A. Fleck, M.F. Ashby, The selection of mechanical actuators based on performance indices, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 453 (1997) 2185-2205. .

O. K., C.M. Wayman, Shape Memory Materials, Cambridge University Press, 1998.

K. Weinert, V. Petzoldt, Machining of NiTi based shape memory alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 378 (2004) 180-184. . 2003.10.344.

T.C. Dzogbewu, D.J. de Beer, Additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloy and its industrial applications, Heliyon 10 (2024) e23369. . E23369.

J. Abel, A. Mannschatz, R. Teuber, B. Müller, O. Al Noaimy, S. Riecker, J. Thielsch, B. Matthey, T. Weißgärber, Fused filament fabrication of niti components and hybridization with laser powder bed fusion for filigree structures, Materials 14 (2021). .

P. Carreira, F. Cerejo, N. Alves, M.T. Vieira, In search of the optimal conditions to process shape memory alloys (NiTi) using fused filament fabrication (FFF), Materials 13 (2020) 1-13. .

Y. Cohen, C. Burkhardt, L. Vogel, A. Baum, G. Mitteramskogler, D. Shilo, E. Faran, SinterBased Additive Manufacturing of Ni-Ti Shape Memory Alloy, Shape Memory and Superelasticity 9 (2023) 492-503. .

M.A. Wagner, J.L. Ocana-Pujol, A. Hadian, F. Clemens, R. Spolenak, Filament extrusionbased additive manufacturing of NiTi shape memory alloys, Mater Des 225 (2023) 111418. .

S. Saedi, A.S. Turabi, M.T. Andani, N.S. Moghaddam, M. Elahinia, H.E. Karaca, Texture, aging, and superelasticity of selective laser melting fabricated Ni-rich NiTi alloys, Materials Science and Engineering: A 686 (2017) 1-10. .

G.A. Harakály, D. Mödder, M. Grubhofer, M. Mungenast, A. Baum, G. Mitteramskogler, Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing (LMM), World PM 2022 Congress Proceedings (2022).

L. Vogel, Q.A. Khan, M. Zimmermann, C. Burkhardt, Impact of Printing Parameters on Shrinkage and Densification Behaviour of 316L Stainless Steel Produced By Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing, PM 2023 Congress Proceedings (2023).

G. Attila Harakály, S. Cano Cano, J. Bosters, C. Gierl-Mayer, G. Mitteramskogler, The Applicability of Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for 316L Stainless Steel, PM 2023 Congress Proceedings (2023). .

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Chapter 13

Session 7 - Posters

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 97-98

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-31

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM)

V.A.R. Henriques , R.O.P. Lima , J.G.J. Salvo , A.M. Gama , M.H. Lapena

AMR - Divisão de Materiais - Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE/DCTA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, 12228-904, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

ITA- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, 12228-904, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

viniciusvarh@fab.mil.br, raphaoliveir@yahoo.com.br, cjoaodesalvo@gmail.com, adrianaamg@fab.mil.br lapenamhl@fab.mil.br

Keywords: Metal injection molding and Ti-Nb alloy and Sintering behavior and Microstructural properties

Abstract

The characteristics of metastable -phase Ti alloys make them an attractive choice for advanced engineering applications in demanding conditions. Ti- 35 Nb alloy has high strength-toweight ratios, deep hardenability and high biocompatibility exhibiting high potential for use in niche applications for aircraft structures, orthopedic implants, and orthodontic devices [1]. The difficulty of producing complex shapes of these alloys by conventional methods for reasonable costs makes Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) attractive [2]. Sintering behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of a alloy processed by metal injection molding (MIM) technology from hydrided powders were investigated in this work by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), dilatometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Samples with relative density up to have been produced using a feedstock based on wax-polymer binder. Figure 1 shows a test specimen for tensile testing immediately after injection. The microstructural evolution observed during sintering indicates a combination of densification and optimized microstructure reached because of the complete dissolution of the stabilizer in the titanium matrix. Niobium acts as -phase nucleation agent; consequently, the two-phase structure grows with the dissolution of the Nb particles by the increase of the sintering temperature. A total homogeneous structure is only obtained after the complete dissolution of all the Nb particles (Figure 2). The injection and sintering parameters provided a homogeneous microstructure, with low porosity and contamination. Higher sintering temperatures or longer holding times can lead to intensive grain growth.

References

Isochronal sintering of the blended elemental alloy D.R. Santos, M.S. Pereira, C.A.A. Cairo, M.L.A.Graça, V.A.R. Henriques, Materials Science and Engineering A472 (2008)

Progress in titanium metal powder injection R.M. German, Materials 6 (2013)

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 99-99

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Revised:
2024-02-12

Accepted:
2024-03-14

Online:
2024-09-03

Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

YIN Yifeng , LU Zhengguan , WU Jie , XU Lei

Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 110016 Shenyang, China.

School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 110016 Shenyang, China.

yfyin21s@imr.ac.cn, zglu@imr.ac.cn, jwu10s@imr.ac.cn, xu@imr.ac.cn

Keywords: metallic materials, TC4 alloy, powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing, hot isostatic pressing

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative study of TC4 alloy in additive manufacturing (AM) technology and TC4 alloy in hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, aiming to explore the effects of two manufacturing methods on the properties of the alloy.

The microstructure differences of TC4 alloys fabricated by two methods were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that the additive manufacturing prepared TC4 alloy had a finer grain structure and more uniform phase distribution, while the hot isostatic pressing formed alloy exhibited larger grain size and local area phase segregation. The mechanical properties of both alloys under room temperature and high temperature environments were tested through tensile and hardness tests. It was found that the additive manufacturing TC4 alloy exhibited better tensile strength and hardness at high temperatures, while the hot isostatic pressing formed alloy had higher plastic deformation ability at room temperature conditions. This performance difference may be related to the residual stress and lattice defects introduced by the two methods.

In summary, this study provides an important reference for the selection of appropriate manufacturing processes by comprehensively comparing two manufacturing methods of additive manufacturing and hot isostatic pressing forming of TC4 alloy. In a specific application scenario, the most suitable manufacturing method can be selected according to the required material properties to meet the high requirements of TC4 alloy in different fields.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 100-101

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

T. Marter

Process Engineering, Element 22 GmbH, 24148 Kiel, Germany

E-mail: tim.marter@element22.com

Keywords: Sintering, phenomenological Sintersimulation, Predeformation, Dimensional accuracy, Deformation mitigation, Manufacturing optimization

Abstract

Sinter-based additive processes for reactive Titanium and its alloys have gained prominence in various applications over the last years. However, challenges arise from sinter deformation and shrinkage, hindering the widespread adoption of 3D-Shaping applications due to partially unpredictable behaviour during the sintering process. While iterative geometric improvements can address these issues, they prove impractical for small batch sizes and intricate geometries.

To gain a deeper insight into the sintering process, this presentation explores the use of sinter simulations based on Finite Element Method (FEM). These simulations leverage the prediction of sinter stress and gravity load, countered by bulk viscosity, shear viscosity, and friction. Additionally, complex time, temperature, and densification cross-effects are considered in calculating shrinkage and deformation. Recent simulation tools use many different mathematical models for shrinkage and deformation calculations which all have the drawback of not exhibiting the curves, seen in e.g. a dilatometric studies and requiring difficult to measure parameters. The phenomenological approach hereby helps the software to overcome the challenges of obtaining the necessary values for certain material-specific parameters.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 102-102

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock

C. Chirico , A.J. Sanchez-Herencia , B. Ferrari

Institute of Ceramic and Glass (ICV-CSIC). C/ Kelsen 5, 28049 Madrid, Spain.

cchirico@icv.csic.es, ajsanchez@icv.csic.es, bferrari@icv.csic.es

Keywords: Material extrusion; Additive Manufacturing; Sintering; Titanium alloys; Biomedical alloy.

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have revolutionized the production of complex components. However, processing titanium (Ti) components still poses unique challenges in this context. Ti is renowned for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, which makes it suitable for aerospace and medical industries. The intrinsic properties of Ti present obstacles in processing Ti components by AM. One primary challenge lies in the high melting point of Ti, reaching around . Laser-based direct methods often struggle to achieve and maintain such elevated temperatures consistently. This creates difficulties in ensuring uniform layer deposition, leading to potential structural defects and compromised mechanical properties. Moreover, Ti is highly reactive with oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, forming oxides and carbides that negatively impact the integrity of the final parts. Therefore, controlling the atmosphere during shaping becomes crucial. Specialized chambers with inert gases must be employed during the whole process to mitigate these reactions and protect Ti particles. Processing Ti components by Material Extrusion AM (MEX-AM) technology introduces formidable challenges and overcoming issues related to filament quality, printing definition/resolution, and temperature control for debinding and sintering is essential to unlock the full potential of AM Ti parts. MEX-AM growth is limited to the low offer of suitable feedstocks (filament and granulate ones). Feedstock materials must be high quality, which implies high-filled feedstocks with more than of small metal particles, to get high performance sintered products. The solid content of particles within the feedstock and their uniform distribution are critical factors in ensuring a stable material flow during the printing process, as well as homogeneous shrinkage in sintered samples. In this context, colloidal processing offers a means to achieve high-filled feedstocks with exceptional dispersion compared to feedstocks produced through thermal mixing. Additionally, colloidal processing techniques provide particle surface protection by attaching a polyelectrolyte onto the surface. This protects Ti against oxidation, maintaining the integrity of the particles during shaping and most of the debinding process. In this work, granulate feedstock containing of Ti6Al4V (Ti64) particles embedded into a PLA-based organic binder was used to fabricate printed bodies using a 3D pellet/hopper printer. Debinding was performed by a one-step thermal process using a tube furnace up to . Two atmospheres ( Ar and ) were evaluated. The pre-sintered samples were sintered up to for 2 h in vacuum conditions using a tube furnace. Printed and sintered scaffolds were evaluated by SEM to analyze the microstructure and the adhesion between layers. XRD, Archimedes density, and oxygen content measurements were performed to characterize sintered printed samples. The microstructure is similar to that obtained in conventional Ti components. Sintered samples reach high relative density between with a shrinkage between . Defects related to the printing process were observed, affecting the reproducibility of the results achieved. The quality of green parts must be improved, and the printing strategy must be optimized to minimize defects on sintered components. However, the results obtained are promising and open up new possibilities in the manufacturing landscape of Ti components by MEX.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 103-103

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-17

Revised:
2024-04-01

Accepted:
2024-04-01

Online:
2024-09-03

Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys

Yongjun Su , J. Villemur , E.M. Ruiz-Navas , E. Gordo

1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad, 3028911 Leganés, Spain.

Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IAAB), UC3M, 28902, Leganés, Madrid, Spain.

School of Engineering, Lishui University, 323000, Lishui, PR.China.

suyongjun2009@163.com, jvillemu@pa.uc3m.es, emruiz@ing.uc3m.es, egordo@ing.uc3m.es

Abstract

In the present study, the extrusion-based 3D printing process was explored using commercial metal injection molding (MIM) feedstocks of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy to fabricate dense parts. The whole process comprises the printing step followed by a debinding and sintering step. A preliminary characterization of the feedstock is needed to know the rheological and thermal characteristics. The optimization of process parameters of 3D printing (layer thickness, nozzle speed, extrusion multiplier and extrusion temperature) and the subsequent debinding and sintering cycles are described. The binder system of the feedstock used contains a water-soluble polymer and a backbone that is eliminated during the sintering step. A careful study is presented on the interaction between the powder particles and the thermal debinding to avoid contamination. Several sintering cycles are studied varying the thermal debinding temperature and sintering temperature. Samples as printed and after sintering are characterised to study the possible defects and its relationship with the processing parameters. This study aims to demonstrate the possibility of using extrusion-based 3D printing as an additive manufacturing technology for processing Ti alloys.

References

[1] A review on various approaches of 3D printing of Ti-Alloy. K.M. Rajan, Ashok Kumar Sahoo, Amlana Panda Panda and Ramanuj Kumar, Materials Today: Proceedings 62, 38653868 (2022)

Chapter 14

Session 8: Sustainability and Recycling

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 107-107

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

M. Dopler , A. Köll

¹Metalpine GmbH, Kratkystr. 2, A-8020 Graz, Austria

dopler@metalpine.at, koell@metalpine.at

Keywords: Powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing processing of titanium and titanium alloys, Carbon Footprint, Energy Efficiency, Gas Atomisation, Powder Morphology

Abstract

Nowadays, Additive Manufacturing of Titanium powders via Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) is a widely used process to generate complex parts for aerospace or medical applications. The energy consumption of the process chain is high: the valuable raw material (commonly of high purity) is transformed into fine powder by inert gas atomization. The resulting powder yield for LPBF applications is commonly below . In the subsequent printing process, an average value of about of the powder is transformed into the printed part, while cannot be reused - not only due to safety and health regulations, but also due to powder degenerating during the printing process. In this presentation, ways to improve the carbon footprint of the process chain from raw material to the printed part are discussed by identifying main energy consumers and by finding ways to improve these steps. 4 approaches are discussed and quantified in this work: In a first step, the powder production process (commonly inert gas or plasma atomization) is analysed with the goal to increase powder yield for LPBF-fraction (e.g. or ). Standard atomisation processes provide a yield up to , while via optimisation steps following melt break-up analysis, a narrower particle size distribution resulting in a powder yield beyond can be achieved [1]. In a second step, powder morphology (sphericity, porosity, agglomerates, etc.) and its impact on printing behaviour is analysed. Printing parameters (e.g. layer thickness) can be improved to achieve higher productivity (and lower specific energy consumption) when using spherical and pore-free powders, as any hollow sphere increases the probability of a defect in the printed part. In a third step, the impact of the material properties on carbon footprint of the final part is discussed. By choosing a material with elevated mechanical properties, powder use, printing time and the weight of the final part can strongly be reduced, which not only decreases the carbon footprint of the process chain, but also of the parts in use (assuming its application as an aerospace part). Finally, the possible impact of powder re-use and recycling processes is described. Degenerated powders shall be refurbished by metallurgical processes to prevent powder waste [2]. These processes are e.g. developed by Metalpine GmbH, a producer of spherical and pre-free powders for Additive Manufacturing applications. The impact of these 4 approaches to improve carbon footprint of the AM process chain is expressed in printed part to understand the chances of process optimization. Actual use cases are presented and quantified.

References

Energy Consumption on Metal Powder Production. M. Dopler, C. Weiss, BHM Berg- und Hüttenmännische Monatshefte, 2-8, 166.2021 (2021)

Toward a sustainable laser powder bed fusion of Ti 6Al 4 V : Powder reuse and its effects on material properties during a single batch regime. B. Meier et al., Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Volume 36, July 2023, e00626

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 108-108

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-21

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

M. Jackson

¹Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom

E-mail: martin.jackson@sheffield.ac.uk

Keywords: Spark plasma sintering, hot forging, closed-loop recycling, AM powder, machining swarf.

Abstract

Field-assisted sintering technology also known as spark plasma sintering is starting to be recognised as a potential route for metals processing and near net shaping for a range of sectors. FAST/SPS is effective way of rapidly consolidating powder and particulate feedstocks, including waste streams such as machining swarf into shaped billets with as-forged properties. FAST/SPS can also be used as an intermediate step prior to conventional closed die forging or hot rolling (FASTforge and FAST-roll, respectively) or subsequent step after cold-isotatic pressing (CIP-FAST) and additive manufacturing (AddFAST). The solid-state technique has also been demonstrated to be an effective way to functionally grade and diffusion bond different alloys in the same FAST billet (FAST-DB). In this paper, I will summarise some of the developments at The University of Sheffield around FAST/SPS over the last couple of years with examples from different material types for a range of different sectors, such as defence, biomedical, aerospace and automotive.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 109-110

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

A. Nieto , A. Periñán , J. Santaolaya , C. Galleguillos

CATEC Centro Avanzado de Tecnologías Aeroespaciales, C/ Wilbur y Orville Wright, 19, 41300 La Rinconada, Sevilla, Spain.

anieto@catec.aero, aperinan@catec.aero, jsantaolaya@catec.aero, cgalleguillos@catec.aero

Keywords: Powder Bed Fusion-Laser (PBF-L), Powder reuse, Mechanical properties, Chemical composition, Microstructure analysis.

Abstract

The main interest in Additive Manufacturing, specifically Powder Bed Fusion-Laser/Metal (PBF-L/M) technology relates to its ability to produce complex components with significant weight reduction by using the minimum material required by the application. Being the aerospace sector one of the sectors where this technology has more interest and applications, particularly the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, ensuring the quality of parts thus the processed material becomes more critical since the criticality of the using powder affects directly. This study aims to analyse the effect of powder reuse on titanium alloy manufactured by PBF-L as well as the material processability when a significant processing parameters optimization is conducted by modifying the laser scan speed for the process efficiency by keeping the energy density without compromising the material performance. The chemical composition and the mechanical properties of specimens manufactured with virgin powder and after several build jobs are analysed and compared to assess the influence of a mixture of virgin and reused powder material on the consolidated material. This study also provides perspectives and recommendations to enable AM users to develop a well-defined and standard powder reuse process to maintain the desired characteristics' consistency. By optimizing the laser parameters, both manufacturing efficiency and material behaviour can be improved. Fatigue and tensile testing have been done too to prove this after several heat treatments, from 730 to in different conditions, as well as different surface finishes, to improve alloy ductility and minimize residual stress at the same time. This study has been reinforced and validated by an intensive microstructural study of the manufactured material, interpreting how grain and lamella sizes of different heat treatments affect the tested properties.

References

A. Periñán, I. González-Barba, M. Aristizabal, J. Santaolaya, D. López, Á. Nieto, N. Ordás, C. Galleguillos, F. Lasagni - Evaluation of heat treatment in Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by Powder Bed Fusion - Laser Metal

B. Vrancken, L.Thijs, JP.Kruth, J. Van Humbeeck - Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by Selective Laser Melting: Microstructure and mechanical properties

M. Frkan R, Konecna, G. Nicoletto. L, Kunz - Microstructure and fatigue performance of SLM fabricated Ti6Al4V alloy after different stress-relief heat treatments

ASTM International. Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium-6 Aluminum-4 Vanadium Alloy Powders for Coatings of Surgical Implants; ASTM F1580-12; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2012.

Ti6Al4V-ELI Alloy Manufactured via Laser Powder-Bed Fusion and Heat-Treated below and above the -Transus: Effects of Sample Thickness and Sandblasting Post-Process. Applied Sciences. Volume 12, Issue 2022.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 111-112

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

M. Grande-Molina , L. Calvo , L. Poudelet , R. Cardona , C. Chirico , B. Ferrari

Fundació Centre CIM, Llorens i Artigas 12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, CSIC. C/ Kelsen 5, 28049, Madrid, Spain

rcardona@cimupc.org, cchirico@icv.csic.es, bferrari@icv.csic.esb

Keywords: Titanium Powder metallurgy, additive manufacturing processing of titanium and titanium alloys, Ti6Al4V, recycled powder, material extrusion 3D printing, screw extruder, colloidal mixing.

Abstract

This work is part of a project that aims to carry out industrial research on recovery of metallic and ceramic waste materials through the generation of recycled powders for their incorporation into the feedstock of additive manufacturing processes. The present work is focused on the optimization of printing parameters of a granular polymeric feedstock with a high load of Ti6Al4V powder (up to ) obtained from industrial waste and commercial Ti6Al4V powder. The recycled powder (spherical with an average size ) (Figure 1a) was produced by centrifugal atomization of Ti6Al4V shavings generated during industrial machining. The powder was incorporated in a PLA (polylactic acid) matrix by means of a novel colloidal mixing. After mixing, granular feedstock was obtained with a particle size distribution between and 5 mm (Figure 1b). Screw-based material extrusión 3D printing was employed for the printing of the geometries. The feedstock granule size distribution was modified in order to improve the feeding from the hopper and maintain a homogeneous material flow through the screw extruder printing head, looking to get uniform material deposition during the printing process. Preliminary printing tests show that commercially available 3D printing extrusion-based systems are ineffective at printing granules with granulometry below 1 mm . Thus, a novel material extrusion screw-based 3D printing system was designed. By means of this novel system, granular feedstock with size between and was successfully employed for the printing of highly complex geometries (Figure 1c-d). Critical printing parameters were investigated and optimized, demonstrating the feasibility of the incorporation of recycled Ti6Al4V powders into the thermoplastic feedstocks for material extrusion additive manufacturing processes.

Chapter 15

Session 9: Titanium Matrix Composites

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 115-115

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Shufeng , Lei Liu , Shaolong Li , Dongxu Hui , Shaodi Wang , Xin Zhang , Bo

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, 710048 Xi'an, China,

Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Powder Metallurgy Materials and New Technology, 710048 Xi'an, China

shufengli@xaut.edu.cn, mrliu_lei@126.com, shaolongli2022@163.com, 15991263835@163.com, shaodiwang@163.com, xinzhang@xaut.edu.cn, 9libo930@xaut.edu.cn

Keywords: Titanium matrix composites, Ti-TiBw composite powder, Heterostructure, Mechanical properties, Fracture mechanism

Abstract

To solve the typical defects caused by powder mixture as feedstock for additive manufacturing and powder metallurgy to prepare metal matrix composites, this paper proposes to design and prepare a series of pre-alloyed spherical titanium-based composite powder containing nano-ceramic particles to solve the defects such as poor fluidity, insufficient reaction, porosity and slag inclusion in additive manufacturing, as well as poor dispersion uniformity and easy coarsening of reinforcing particles in powder metallurgy, which are typical defects originated by using aspremixed powder as feedstock. In this paper, the spherical titanium-based composite powders represented by the nano-TiBw reinforced phase was prepared by electrode induction melting gas atomization (EIGA), and the corresponding uniformly dispersed titanium matrix composites (DRTMCs) and hetero-structural DRTMCs with reinforced phase distributed in pellets configuration were prepared by electron beam powder bed melting (EBM) and discharge plasma sintering (SPS) respectively. Through the analysis of its microstructure and mechanical properties, the results show that EBM can effectively refine the particle size of the reinforcement phase and matrix grain, so as to significantly improve the mechanical properties of the material. The elongation of hetero-structured DRTMCs with reinforced three-dimensional pellet-like distribution in space prepared by our novel powder metallurgy inter-diffusion and self-organization strategy was significantly improved, and the elongation was equivalent to that of Ti6Al4V alloy ( ), showing excellent hetero-deformation-induced (HDI) strengthening and hardening effects. The ideas and strategies proposed in this paper provide a useful experimental reference and theoretical basis for the development of metal matrix composites with strength and toughness matching.

References

Enhanced strength and ductility of nano-TiBw-reinforced titanium matrix composites fabricated by electron beam powder bed fusion using Ti6Al4V-TiBw composite powder. D. Pan, S.F Li, L. Liu, et al. Additive Manufacturing 50, 102519 (2022).

Loss-free tensile ductility of dual-structure titanium composites via an interdiffusion and selforganization strategy. L. Liu, S.F. Li, D. Pan, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(28), e2302234120 (2023).

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 116-116

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-11

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting

Qi An , Lihua Cui , Lujun Huang Lin Geng

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

anqi1993@hit.edu.cn,

Abstract

Ti-6.5Al-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V alloy is a near titanium alloy, which has been widely used in aerospace fields due to its low density, high specific strength, good corrosion resistance and hightemperature durability. To further improve the strength and high-temperature durability of Ti-6.5Al complex components, the spherical alloy powder with a particle size of and powder with a particle size of were used to fabricate in-situ TiBw reinforced Ti-6.5Al-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V composites through low energy ball milling and selective laser melting (SLM). The results show that the TiB whiskers are uniformly distributed in the composites, and the columnar grains with inner acicular martensite were formed along the building direction. In addition, the TiB reinforcement effectively refined the size of the matrix grains. Based on the load transfer and grain refinement strengthening mechanisms, the maximum room temperature tensile strength of composite reaches up to 1446 MPa with an elongation of , which is higher that that of . Furthermore, the tensile strengths of as-printed at , and are , and 480 MPa respectively.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 117-118

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-03

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

Delong Gong , Qi An , Lujun Huang

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150001 Harbin, China.

21S109191@stu.hit.edu.cn, anqi1993@hit.edu.cn,

Keywords: Heterostructure titanic composites, Additive manufacturing, Hot press sintering, Strengthen-ductility synergy improvement

Abstract

Strengthen-ductility synergy improvement has been an enduring pursuit over the past few decades. Especially in titanium matrix composites (TMCs), the reinforcements effectively improve the strength but also result in the degradation of ductility. Here, we proposed a multi-scale network heterostructure of TMCs by filling the mixed powders (Ti64 cladded by ) into the honeycomblike framework (Ti64 alloy) fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) and followed by the hot press sintering (HPS). The heterostructure titanium matrix composites (HTMCs) exhibit a much higher work hardening rate than both alloys and composites. Consequently, the uniform tensile elongation (UTE) of HTMCs (6.6%) surpassed the value (3.8%) calculated by the rule of mixtures. Furthermore, the HTMCs exhibit a more obvious strain delocalization and more torturous crack expansion, which is responsible for the high UTE and ductility than its counterparts.

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 119-119

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-24

Revised:
2024-03-08

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Microstructure and High-Temperature Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Yttrium Silicide-Modified Near α Titanium Alloy

Zishuo Ma , Lujun Huang

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 433, Harbin, 150001, PR China.

Stake Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, PR China.

Abstract

In order to enhance the formability and heat resistance of laser additively manufactured high-temperature titanium alloys, this work introduced yttrium silicide ( ) particles onto the surface of near titanium alloy through low-energy ball milling, and manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). The process parameters of LPBF YSi -modified near titanium alloy were optimized and the microstructure was controlled via heat treatment. It is revealed that the addition of can stabilize the molten pool, generate multi-scale rare earth oxides and silicide precipitates, and refine the structure of titanium alloy to improve the formability and microstructure anisotropy. The room-temperature ultimate tensile strength of the -modified near titanium alloy was enhanced by more than 100 MPa , and the high-temperature strength and creep-resistance were all obviously enhanced, the service temperature has been raised by more than . The strengthening mechanisms involve Si element solid solution and the precipitates pinning interfaces, ultimately enhancing the material's high-temperature strength and creep resistance.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 120-120

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

C. Sánchez de Rojas Candela , A. Riquelme , P. Rodrigo , J.Rams

Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/ Tulipan s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain

carmen.srojascandela@urjc.es, ainhoa.riquelme.aguado@urjc.es, pilar.rodrigo@urjc.es, djoaquin.rams@urjc.es

Keywords: Additive manufacturing; wear behavior; Ti6Al4V/SiCp metal matrix composites

Abstract

Ti6Al4V is a widely used alloy in the transport industry due to its high temperature strength, high strength-to-weight ratio and exceptional corrosion resistance, nevertheless, its wear resistance is limited and needs to be improved [1]. Therefore, the mechanical and tribological properties of titanium matrix composites (TMCs) are currently under investigation as these materials are expected to replace the conventional for certain applications, for instance, in the transport industry [2]. The purpose of this work is to explore the versatility of additive manufacturing of TMCs. Ti6Al4V matrix composites reinforced with SiC particles (SiCp) were additively manufactured with Laser-Directed Energy Deposition (L-DED) under different conditions. SiCp were introduced using various proportions ( 20 and ) and particle sizes (F240 and F360) and fabrication parameter such as the laser scanning speed was modified in a range between 5 and . The effect of the variation in the chosen parameters in their wear behavior was evaluated and correlated with their microstructure and microhardness. The worn surfaces of the different sets of composites and unreinforced titanium were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after performing a pin-on-disc wear test under dry sliding. The mass loss of both the sample pin and the counter-body was measured and the coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rates were calculated. The wear mechanisms of each sample were determined as mainly abrasive with adhesive/ oxidative in some cases and were then correlated with their microstructures and microhardness. TMCs with higher particle size and percentage presented up to more microhardness values than those for unreinforced Ti6Al4V and up to higher friction coefficient, depending on the scanning speed. The mass loss of the Ti6Al4V sample was higher than those of most of the composites; apart from Ti/20SiC F360 fabricated at 5 and which was 8-12 times higher due to the high matrix-reinforcement reactivity. This research enables the possibility to manufacture Ti6Al4V reinforced with SiC obtaining titanium matrix composites with superior mechanical and tribological properties than the base alloy (Ti6Al4V).

References

S. Liu and Y. C. Shin, "Additive manufacturing of Ti6Al4V alloy: A review," Mater. Des., 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2018.107552.

S. A. Shalnova et al., "Direct energy deposition of SiC reinforced metal matrix composites: Structure and mechanical properties," Ceram. Int., vol. 48, no. 23, pp. 3507635084, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.08.097.

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 121-121

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy

Yuchao Song , Oleksandr Stasiuk , Dmytro Savvakin , Orest Ivasishin

¹College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, Jilin,130012, China

International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, No. 2699 QianjinStreet, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China

G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics, 36, Vernadsky blvd, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine.

songyuchao@jlu.edu.cn, olek.stasiuk@gmail.com, savva@imp.kiev.ua, ivas@imp.kiev.ua

Abstract

Titanium matrix composites (TMCs) have found extensive application in aerospace, biomedical, and military sectors due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and wear resistance at ambient and elevated temperatures. Nevertheless, conventional production methods often face a compromise between cost and performance, thus limiting the suitability of this material for broad utilization in engineering contexts. Recent research findings indicate that the utilization of manufacturing techniques such as hydrogen assisted blended elemental powder metallurgy (HABEPM) with the incorporation of a double press-and-sinter option, as well as the sintering of powder blends that have been preliminarily activated through milling, can both serve as economically viable methods for the production of highly dense TMCs with satisfactory mechanical properties. Both methods guarantee the activation of powder sintering, resulting in notable improvements in density and a more refined and uniform microstructure compared to porous and nonuniform composites obtained via pressureless sintering of BEPM compacts. This study provides novel insights into the design and cost-effective production of environmentally friendly TMCs with improved mechanical properties.

Chapter 16

Session 9 - Posters

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 125-126

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-01-31

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

V.A.R. Henriques , R.O.P. Lima , J.G.J. Salvo , A.M. Gama , M.H. Lapena

AMR - Divisão de Materiais - Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço (IAE/DCTA), Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, 12228-904, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

ITA- Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, Praça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50, 12228-904, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil

viniciusvarh@fab.mil.br, raphaoliveir@yahoo.com.br, cjoaodesalvo@gmail.com, dadrianaamg@fab.mil.br,

Keywords: Titanium matrix composites, TiC, ex situ, microstructural development

Abstract

Metal matrix composites have received considerable attention due to their low density with good elastic modulus and high strength to weight ratio. Discontinuous reinforced Ti matrix composites have been found as a promising material for applications in various fields, such as aerospace, automotive, biomedical and advanced military applications, because of their low cost, improved performance and ease of fabrication [1]. Among the discontinuous ceramic reinforcements, TiC is identified as a very suitable reinforcement for the Ti system because of its excellent properties and high compatibility with Ti matrices [2]. In this study, investigations have been conducted on the influence of volumetric percentage of TiC ( ) on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of TiC reinforced titanium beta matrix composite ( ) prepared by conventional powder metallurgy method using ex situ processing route. Samples were produced by mixing of elemental powders followed by uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing with subsequent densification by sintering ( ), in high vacuum. Sintered samples were characterized for phase composition, microstructure, microhardness and mechanical properties by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Vickers indentation and tensile tests respectively. Density was measured by Archimedes method. The experiment results revealed that TiC content has significant influence on the microstructure improving the mechanical behavior of Ti-35Nb-TiC composites. A homogeneous distribution of TiC particles was observed, with a reduced presence of agglomerates and macroporosities (Figure 1). There was a significant increase in the hardness of the composites with the increase in TiC content, which indicates the possibility of using components manufactured using this technique, for example, in aircraft landing gears that are subject to high mechanical stress and orthopedic implants.

References

Titanium metal matrix composites: An overview M. D. Hayat, H. Singh, Z. He, P. Cao, Composites Part A 121, 418-438 (2019).

Microstructure and mechanical properties of composites processed by in situ casting route Z. J. Wei, L. Cao, H. W. Wang, C. M. Zou, Materials Science and Technology, 27:8, 1321-1327 (2011).

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 127-128

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-03

Accepted:
2024-03-23

Online:
2024-09-03

Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Wenqi Liu , Shuai Wang , Lujun Huang

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P. O. Box 433, Harbin, 150001, PR China.

wangshuai1993@hit.edu.cn, huanglujun@hit.edu.cn

Keywords: Titanium matrix composites, Composite powder, Nano-reinforcement, Microstructure, Mechanical properties

Abstract

Aiming at the problem of strength-plastic inversion of traditional titanium matrix composites, this experiment designed and prepared two-scale TiB-reinforced Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) composites with network distribution of micron TiB whisker (TiBmw) and uniform distribution of nano TiB whisker (TiBnw). To achieve the strength and the plasticity of composite materials by the load transfer, the refinement of the matrix structure and the improvement of the stress-strain distribution.

For the introduction of TiBnw inside the network structure, utilizing the high cooling rate of the plasma rotating electrode process which can limit the growth of TiB whisker, to fabricate spherical Ti64-TiBnw composite powder with fewer satellite balls. The microstructure analysis showed that the size of TiBnw in the composite powder was tiny, and it was distributed in a network structure about in diameter. was introduced on the surface of composite powder through low energy ball milling and Two-scale TiB reinforced Ti64 composite was fabricated by hot pressing sintering. Through the analysis of sintering parameters, the results show that the composite prepared at has the best mechanical properties. By analyzing the microstructure of the composites, it was found that the TiBnw whiskers grew during the sintering, but most of the whiskers remained at the nanoscale. The effect of different scales of TiB on the microstructure of the composites was investigated. The effect of different scales of TiB on the microstructure of the composites was investigated. The results showed that the effect of TiBnw on the grain refinement of the composites was more significant.

The tensile mechanical properties of the composites were tested. The results show that the strengthening efficiency of TiBnw is higher than that in TiBmw. The plasticity of the composite with dual-scale TiB whiskers is better than that with single-scale TiB. The tensile strength and elongation of 1vol.%TiBmw/(Ti64-1vol.%TiBnw) composites at room temperature are 1094 MPa and , increased by and , respectively, compared with the network structure composites with the same volume fraction of TiB, and the tensile strength and deformation capacity at high temperature are also improved. These results indicate that dual-scale TiB reinforced Ti64 composites can achieve synergistic enhancement of strength and plasticity.

The strengthening and toughening mechanism of Ti64 composite reinforced by dual-scale TiB was analyzed from the aspects of the scale and distribution of TiB reinforcement. The results show that micron TiB whiskers are mainly based on load transfer, while the mechanism of nano TiB are dominated by dispersion strengthening. The network micron TiB whiskers located at the grain boundary can enhance -phase, while the nano-TiB whiskers in the grain can significantly improve the work hardening effect of the composites. At the same time, it is found that the nanocrystallization of TiB can also improve the plasticity of the composites. Based on the analysis of the fracture mechanism of composites at high temperatures, it can be seen that TiB whiskers can bear and transfer loads below .

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 129-129

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-04

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

Synthesis Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Pelleted Hetero-Structure Titanium Matrix Composites via Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy

Lei Liu , Shufeng Li , Shaolong Li

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, 710048 Xi'an, China

Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Powder Metallurgy Materials and New Technology, 710048 Xi'an, China

mrliu_lei@126.com, shufengli@xaut.edu.cn, shaolongli2022@163.com

Keywords: Powder metallurgy; Titanium matrix composites (TMCs); Pelleted heterostructure; Composite powders; Interdiffusion

Abstract

Pursuing high strength and high ductility in Ti and Ti alloy has long been a lasting endeavour for advanced energy applications. Increasing the yield strength of the Ti matrix by utilizing dispersive second-phase particles that impede dislocation motion is one of the most common strengthening methods. However, the deformation coordination ability between ductile matrix and brittle dispersive ceramic particles is poor, which means that an improvement in strength will inevitably sacrifice ductility in dispersion-strengthened titanium matrix composites (TMCs). Here, we have developed a brand-new interdiffusion and self-organization strategy, resulting in pelleted hetero-structure Ti6Al4V-TiBw composites with both non-uniform distribution reinforcements and heterogeneous grain structures by utilizing the interdiffusion reaction mechanism between alloying elements and titanium matrix. The study reveals that the formation of the pelleted heterostructures is primarily governed by the interdiffusion reaction process between Ti and Al , coupled with the growth and distribution changes of TiB induced by the interdiffusion reaction. And the pellet size is tailored by the spherical composite powder, allowing precise control over the heterogeneous grain regions. Moreover, the introduction of the pelleted heterostructure endows the "reinforcement" with dislocation storage ability and isotropic deformability, alleviating the local stress concentration problem caused by deformation mismatch in traditional TMCs. Furthermore, the heterogeneous grain structures contribute to additional heterogeneous deformation-induced strengthening/hardening effects for the TMCs. Therefore, this pelleted heterostructure Ti6Al4V-TiBw composite exhibits a remarkable elongation, comparable to Ti6Al4V alloy, while significantly improving its strength. Our novel interdiffusion and selforganization strategy paves the way for developing high-performance metal matrix composites with harmonious strength and ductility. This strategy can be applied to other composite systems, promoting lightweight engineering in various applications.

References

An overview of tailoring strain delocalization for strength-ductility synergy. H. Wu, G. H. Fan. Prog. Mater. Sci. 113, 100675 (2020).

Loss-free tensile ductility of dual-structure titanium composites via an interdiffusion and selforganization strategy. L. Liu, S.F. Li, D. Pan, et al. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 120(28), e2302234120 (2023).

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Chapter 17

Session 10: Microstructural Development

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 133-133

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

Wuxin Yang , Dingmeng Xu , Peng Cao

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand

wuxin.yang@auckland.ac.nz, kristen.xu@auckland.ac.nz, p.cao@auckland.ac.nz

Keywords: Multi-physics modelling, Additive manufacturing, Laser powder bed fusion, Titanium alloys

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) refers to the technology of fabricating a three-dimensional object directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) model. Opposed to the traditional subtractive manufacturing methodologies, additive manufacturing is a process of fabricating objects by joining layers or voxels of homogeneous material or multiple materials. AM technology has become used in vast areas. Specifically, Laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) technology has become a proven method for manufacturing high-performance metallic components with complex and challenging geometries via traditional subtractive manufacturing methods. However, due to the layer-by-layer nature of the current L-PBF method, the porosity formation during the powder meltingsolidification process has become a critical concern for defect control. The uncertainty of defects during the AM process has become the main obstacle to applying additive manufacturing technology in several areas, such as the aerospace and medical industries. The major defects in the metal L-PBF process, such as lack of fusion, key-hole, balling and gas porosity, are closely linked to the powder melting-solidification process and the melt pool dynamics. For investigating the feasibility of applying novel materials and composite materials in the AM process, the traditional method is trial-and-error, which is time-consuming and inefficient, especially for precious metal and experimental materials. In this paper, a modelling method is proposed for predicting porosity and related defects. Based on the material properties and processing parameters during the L-PBF process, the multi-physics simulation models of the powder particle spreading and melt pool dynamics can be built by the discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics method (CFD) in the simulation package FLOW-3D AM. The proposed multi-physics simulation method enables an accurate understanding of the effects of process parameters and the powder bed characteristics on the melt pool, which is directly related to the defects. Major defects such as keyholing and lack of fusion porosity can be accurately identified during the simulation, which can narrow the range of the trail parameters for determining the optimal process parameters. Moreover, the proposed model is able to predict the defect on multiple Titanium-based materials, such as pure Titanium, Ti6Al4V and Titanium/SS316L composite. It further demonstrates the versatility of the proposed simulation method.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 134-134

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-15

Accepted:
2024-03-24

Online:
2024-09-03

Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Yassine Lakroune , Damien Connétable , Jonathan Hugues , Paul Hermantier , Pere Barriobero-Vila , Moukrane Dehmas

CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 4 allée Emile Monso, 31030 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

IRT Saint Exupéry, 3 rue Tarfaya, 31405 Toulouse Cedex 4, France

Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eduard Maristany Av. 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain

yassine.lakroune@ensiacet.fr, damien.connetable@ensiacet.fr,

jonathan.hugues@irt-saintexupery.com, paulhermantier@gmail.com, pere.barriobero@upc.edu, moukrane.dehmas@ensiacet.fr

Keywords: Martensite decomposition, Internal stresses, Post heat treatment, Laser Powder Bed Fusion, Synchrotron radiation.

Abstract

Titanium-based alloys are used in aerospace industry owing to their interesting properties such as corrosion resistance and specific strength. Additive manufacturing is able to produce complex near net shape parts reducing the raw material quantity for part production. This potential is of great interest for industrial applications. Among additive manufacturing processes, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) has proven to be an attractive manufacturing route for the production of titanium alloys as alloy. However, even if additive manufacturing offers several advantages, there is a lack of knowledge about the microstructures inherited from L-PBF and the microstructural evolution during post heat treatment. Consequently, this study aims to obtain understanding of the microstructural evolution (recovery and decomposition of martensite ) during post heat treatment in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy elaborated by L-PBF. The microstructural evolution was tracked using synchrotron radiation facilities, dilatometry and electrical resistivity measurements. In addition, interrupted heating at different temperatures was conducted to observe the microstructural evolution during heating by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The phase amounts, the d-spacing and the Full width at half maximum (FWHM) variations were determined by Rietveld refinement from XRD patterns during continuous heating up to the single phase domain, with different heating rates and elaboration strategies. The complementarity of characterization tools clearly evidenced a shift of the to transformation kinetics toward higher temperatures as the heating rate increases. The variation in transformation kinetics will be discussed with regard to the predicted values at thermodynamic equilibrium. In addition, the combined analysis of d-spacing and FWHM has shown the deviations from linearity at intermediate and high temperatures, which amplitude depends on the heating and elaboration conditions. These variations will be analyzed in regard of internal stress relaxation or changes of chemical composition.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 135-135

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-01

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

High-temperature "Inverse" Hall-Petch Relationship and Fracture Behavior of TA15 Alloy

Shaolong , Shufeng

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China

Xi'an Key Laboratory of Advanced Powder Metallurgy Materials and New Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China

shaolongli2022@163.com, shufengli@xaut.edu.cn

Keywords: TA15 alloy; High-temperature "Inverse" Hall-Petch; Grain-boundary strength; Hightemperature softening mechanism

Abstract

The Hall-Petch relationship has been an important basis for material design at room temperature. However, this is not well studied at high temperatures. In this work, to elucidate the influence of different microstructures on the high-temperature mechanical behavior and corresponding softening mechanisms of high-temperature titanium alloy TA15 (Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo1 V , wt.%). Specimens with duplex, Widmanstätten, and coarse Widmanstätten microstructures were obtained through powder metallurgy. High-temperature tensile testing was carried out between 500 at intervals of . The fracture mode of the Widmanstätten microstructure was transgranular at and , but which was changed to intergranular at and . Furthermore, EBSD analysis reveals that the high-temperature softening of the duplex microstructure is primarily attributed to GBs softening, GBs migration, grain rotation, and activation of multiple slip systems simultaneously. The Hall-Petch coefficient was calculated at each test temperature. At temperatures of and , the GBs exhibit a significant strengthening effect as reflected by a positive . However, becomes negative at and , indicating an "inverse" Hall-Petch behavior. Furthermore, high temperature nanoindentation show that the strength of individual grains decreases with increasing test temperature. Therefore, these findings provide a new perspective for improving the high-temperature mechanical properties and microstructure control of titanium and its alloys.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 136-136

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys

J.F.Q. Rodrigues , M. Sangalii , G.V. Prandi , M. Valentin , L.F. Starck , R. Caram

¹School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Rua Mendeleiev, 200, 13083-860

Campinas, SP, Brazil

ajfunifei@gmail.com, marcio.sangali@gmail.com, prandigv@gmail.com,

Matheus.valentim.mv@gmail.com,

Keywords: Laser powder bed fusion, titanium alloys, layered materials

Abstract

In structural materials, efforts to enhance mechanical behavior always center around improving mechanical strength, ductility, and toughness. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that these properties tend to be mutually exclusive. Typically, advancements in strength come at the cost of ductility, and vice versa, as exemplified by the strength-ductility paradox [1]. One approach to enhance ductility (and toughness) while maintaining mechanical strength is to combine different materials to establish a composite material arrangement. Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology proves to be an effective approach for producing composite materials with enhanced mechanical behavior, specifically improved mechanical strength and ductility. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), also known as selective laser melting (SLM), is an AM technique that enables the manufacture of customized objects. The concept of AM, which involves constructing objects by depositing layers of powder with the ability to vary their composition, is particularly well-suited for manufacturing composite materials or compositionally graded materials. Currently, multi-material processing represents a crucial challenge in the additive manufacturing of metallic materials, and studies on processing multi-materials using laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) are still quite scarce in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to provide new insights into the manufacturing of composite materials made up of alternating layers of different Ti-based materials ( 5553 alloys) using a novel multi-material laser powder bed fusion platform. In its aged condition, the Ti-5553 alloy can exhibit -phase precipitation in a -phase matrix and high mechanical strength [2]. On the other hand, the alloy, due to its high solute content, is not very sensitive to aging treatments and therefore exhibits moderate mechanical strength combined with good ductility [3]. Very dense layers were obtained, and the Vickers hardness and elastic modulus tests revealed that the values varied according to the phase and composition. Tensile tests of layered samples showed that aging heat treatments were able to increase the mechanical strength of the Ti-5553 alloy layers and, at the same time, to solution treat the layers formed by the alloy, obtaining a strong and still ductile material.

References

The conflicts between strength and toughness. R.O. Ritchie, Nature Materials 10, 817-822 (2011)

State of the art in beta titanium alloys for airframe applications. J.D. Cotton, R.D. Briggs, R.R. Boyer, S. Tamirisakandala, P. Russo, N. Shchetnikov and J.C. Fanning, JOM 67, 12811303 (2015)

Mechanical properties of a newly additive manufactured implant material based on . C. Schulze, M. Weinmann, C. Schweigel, O. Keßler, R. Bader, Materials 11, 13-16 (2018)

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Chapter 18

Session 10 - Posters

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 139-139

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Revised:
2024-04-10

Accepted:
2024-05-15

Online:
2024-09-03

Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

T.Chang , A.Li , Y.Liu , Q.S.Wang , Z.H.Qu

Xi'an Sino-Euro Materials Technologies Co., Ltd. Xi'an, 150001, China.

changtaohit@163.com, Aielion@126.com, wangqx2010@163.com, 844934513@qq.com

Keywords: Powder metallurgy; Hot isostatic pressing (HIP); Titanium and titanium alloys

Abstract

Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is an advanced material preparation and treatment technology, which is mainly used to improve the microstructure and mechanical properties of metals, ceramics, composite materials, etc. The process applies isotropic high pressure to the workpiece installed in the sealed pressure vessel under high temperature environment, so that the internal pores and defects of the material can be effectively eliminated or greatly reduced, and promote the uniform densification of the powder body to achieve the overall optimization of the material structure. HIP technology is widely used in aerospace, nuclear energy, automotive manufacturing, biomedicine and other fields, and has a significant effect on improving the reliability and service life of key components.In this paper, the TC18 pre-alloyed powder prepared by plasma rotating electrode process was used for HIP . The influence of HIP temperature and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of HIPed TC18 was investigated. The results show that. The TC18 alloy is transformed structure when HIPed at and bimodal structure with equiaxed phase and transformed at . The strength of TC18 with bimodal structure increased significantly with the decrease of aging temperature when double annealing. The strength, elongation and fracture toughness are and when aging at . After triple annealing, the strength of bimodal structure TC18 is lower compared with double annealing, but the elongation and fracture toughness can reach and . The crystal structure of the samples was characterized using Xray diffraction (XRD, X'PERT X-ray, Holland) with radiation (wavelengths at intensities , with diffraction angle ( ) ranging from to ). The microstructure of HIPed TC18 alloy were observed with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Merlin Compact, Germany and SU 5000, Japan, operated at 40 kV ). All the samples were polished to test Vickers hardness by Huayin HV-1000A micro hardness tester using a load of 200 g and a dwell time of 20 s . Eight measurements of each sample were required to calculate the average value and ensure the correct hardness results. The tensile tests were conducted at an extension speed of using an AG-X Plus testing machine. The dog-bone shaped tensile specimens with a gauge size of 2 mm and 30 mm in length were used, and all the tests were performed at ambient temperature . In order to avoid experimental error,Each measured results were an average of at least three samples.

References

Effect of powder surface state on microstructure and tensile properties of a novel near alloy using hot isostatic pressing 57. Guo.RP, Xu.L, Chen.ZY, Wang.QJ, Zong.BY, Yang, R, Materials Science And Engineering A-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure And Processing 706, 57 (2017)

Enhanced superplasticity of ultra-fine grained Ti-17 powder compact prepared through HIP/IF 152. Zhao.Z L,Guo.HZ, Wang.T, Yao. ZK. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 577, 152 (2013)

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 140-140

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

M.P. Mashamaite , H.R. Chauke and P.E. Ngoepe

Materials Modelling Centre, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, SOVENGA, 0727, South Africa.

Keywords: First principle, phase stability, heats of formation, mechanical properties, elastic constant, PHONON

Abstract

High temperature shape-memory alloys (HTSMAs) have received increased attention as the demand for lightweight, compact, and efficient actuators has grown in recent years. These materials are used in various sectors such, energy, aerospace and engineering, due to their unique properties shape memory and pseudoelasticity which occurs as a result of phase transformation. Most desirable HTSMAs must have higher transformation temperature, oxidation resistance and high strength [1]. To understand the mechanical properties of these alloys, the first-principle method was utilized to substitute Pt with Ru on the equi-atomic B2 TiPt. The calculated heats of formation predict that the is the most thermodynamically stable structure with the lowest density of . The structure becomes mechanically stable with an increasing Ru content, and the becomes higher which constitutes reduced martensitic transformation temperature. Furthermore, the bulk and shear moduli and Pugh's ratio are calculated. The Ti-Pt-Ru system becomes more ductile and more hardened with the increment of Ru content. In addition, the calculated phonon dispersion curves predicted that was the most vibrationally stable compared to the other structures. The Ru substitution on the Pt-sublattice is more promising as a B2 phase stabilizer.

References

[1] G. S. Bigelow, S. A. Padula II, A., Garg, D. Gaydosh and R. D. Noebe Characterization of ternary NiTiPd high-temperature shape memory alloys under load-biased thermal cycling. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 41, 3065-3079 (2010)

Chapter 19

Session 11: Applications of Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Titanium Alloys

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 143-143

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-17

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

G.A. Assumpção , A.F. Ramirez , J.B. Fogagnolo

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP. Rua Mendeleyev, 200, Campinas, 13083-860, Brazil.

a*guederunicamp@gmail.com, a234419@dac.unicamp.br, fogagnol@unicamp.br

Keywords: Laser powder bed fusion, Laser welding, Femoral stem, Hip implant.

Abstract

Additive manufacturing has shown significant advances in the last two decades and is currently capable of producing a wide variety of mechanical components, with some limitations, such as the size and surface finish of the part. This work reports preliminary results of joining dissimilar metals or alloys by additive manufacturing inspired by welding dissimilar joints. The specific aim was to coat commercially pure Ti with a alloy by powder bed fusion, aiming for future application in hip implants, in which, in addition to the more flexible Ti stem, a femoral head with properties close to the alloy for excellent wear resistance. The results showed that increasing the heat input increased the dilution of Ti in the modified layer and decreased the hardness and the formation of cracks. Obtaining an intermediate layer of Mo reduced the dilution in the upper layers. It produced an increase in hardness of , indicating the feasibility of manufacturing a dissimilar joint made of commercially pure Ti with an intermediate layer in Mo and a Co-Cr-Mo alloy.

References

Recent progress and scientific challenges in multi-material additive manufacturing via laserbased powder bed fusion. Wei, C., & Li, L. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 16(3), 347-371 (2021).

Laser welding of dissimilar metal combinations. Sun, Z., & Ion, J. C. Journal of Materials Science, 30, 4205-4214 (1995).

The challenge of Durability in hip replacement. Tocks, G. A. The Journal of Lancaster General Hospital, 13(3), 81-6 (2018).

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 144-144

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Eva M. Pérez-Soriano , Ernesto J. Delgado-Pujol , Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez , Cristina M. Arévalo , David Feria , Antonio Periñán , Ana Alcudia , Fernando Lasagni , Jesús E. González , Yadir Torres

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Transport, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Virgen de África 7, 41011Seville, Spain

Department of Materials and Processes, FADA-CATEC, Parque Tecnológico y Aeronáutico de Andalucía, Calle Wilbur y Orville Wright 19, 41309 La Rinconada, Seville, Spain.

Department of Organic Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Tramontana 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.

Department of Ceramic and Metallic Biomaterials, Centro de Biomateriales, Universidad de La Habana, Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba.

evamps@us.es, edelgado4@us.es, imontealegre@us.es, carevalo@us.es, davfercon@alum.us.es, aperinan@catec.aero, aalcudia@us.es, flasagni@catec.aero, jesus.gonzalez@biomat.uh.cu, jytorres@us.es

Keywords: bone implants, selective laser sintering, composite biopolymers, biofunctional behaviour.

Abstract

The Ti6Al4V alloy is widely used in bone-implant manufacturing. Nevertheless, its high Young's modulus requires the fabrication of porous structures to ensure the biomechanical and biofunctional equilibrium of the implant. In this study, the Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) technique is employed to produce porous scaffolds in cubic shapes, both with and without an outer shell. A zigzag deposition pattern was utilized with a relative rotation between layers, while varying the distance between passes from 0.1 to 0.5 mm . The density and porosity of the metallic scaffolds were characterized using Archimedes' method and helium pycnometry, while their morphology was assessed using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy (CLSM). The latter technique allowed for the evaluation of the surface roughness of the manufactured pieces. Additionally, electrical impedance measurements were conducted, correlating the results with potential corrosion behaviour. Concerning macro and micro-mechanical integrity, uniaxial compression tests (with and without infiltration) and instrumented micro-indentation tests (Vickers hardness and P-h curves) were performed, comparing the results with finite element models. In terms of enhancing the biofunctional behavior of implants infiltrated with biodegradable co-polymeric compounds (PCL/PVA: nHA, BG, or/and AgNPs) possessing potential antibacterial and osteoinductive properties, weight gain, degradation kinetics, as well as bactericidal behaviour and bioactivity of the infiltrated scaffolds were evaluated.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 145-145

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-08

Accepted:
2024-07-01

Online:
2024-09-03

Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells

Juan Villemur , Carlos Villarreal , Jose Manuel Crego José Ramón Blasco and Elena Gordo

GTP - Department of Materials Science and Engineering, IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Madrid, Spain.

Department of Applied Mathematics, Materials Science and Engineering and Electronic Technology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Mostoles, Madrid

TUHH Technische Universität Hamburg, iLAS Institut für Laser- und Anlagensystemtechnik. Prof. Dr.-Ing. C. Emmelmann, Harburger Schloßstraße 28, D-21079 Hamburg.

AIDIMME, Parque tecnológico, Avda. Leonardo Da Vinci 38, 46980 - Paterna, Spain,

carlos.romero@urjc.es, jose.lozares@tuhh.de, dirblasco@aidimme.es, elena.gordo@uc3m.es

Keywords: Titanium; PEMWE; Porous Transport Layer; Coatings; Corrosion

Abstract

The production of green hydrogen by proton exchange membrane water electrolysers (PEMWE) from renewable energies is one of the most promising technologies for the decarbonisation of industry, surpassing alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) technology. However, the investment required for PEMWE is considerably higher and the development of new materials, processes and designs can reduce this gap. Apart from the membrane and catalysts, other battery components, the bipolar porous plate (BPP) and the porous transport film (PTL), account for up to of the overall cost and perform multiple functions, making the selection of materials and designs critical. The properties required for BPPs are excellent corrosion resistance, good electrical conductivity and mechanical integrity, among others. For this reason, titanium has been one of the materials used to manufacture these plates. However, titanium is passivated by forming a titanium oxide layer which reduces the efficiency of the cell by increasing the resistance of the contact surface between components, so the design of an effective coating is important for its use. These coatings must be conductive and improve, where possible, the corrosion resistance of the titanium substrate. In this work, porous Ti64 structures were fabricated using EBM and PM routes and subjected to a thermochemical nitriding treatment. By using spacers, structures with porosity around and controlled pore size were obtained, whose internal and external surface is coated. The porous structures were subjected to electrochemical tests to study corrosion resistance and contact resistance. Scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to study the pore surface and the coating obtained, as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to analyse the chemical composition of the nitrided surface before and after the electrochemical tests. The results indicate that the coating provides a decrease in corrosion rate while maintaining the best electrical conductivity of the structure, obtaining interface contact resistance values below , thus meeting the performance requirements of BPPs.

References

H. Cheng et.al, "Improving the performance of titanium bipolar plate in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis environment by nitrogen-chromium composite cathode plasma electrolytic deposition", Int J Hydrogen Energy, Jul 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.177

C. Romero et. al, "Processing and surface modification of titanium open cell porous structures for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates", Int J Hydrogen Energy, 2023, doi:10.1016/j.ihydene.2023. 06.287

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 146-147

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-16

Accepted:
2024-03-20

Online:
2024-09-03

Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

S.V. Prikhodko , P.E. Markovsky , D.G. Savvakin , O.M. Ivasishin , O.O. Stasyuk , D.V. Oryshych

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA

G.V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics of N.A.S. of Ukraine, 36, Vernadsky Blvd, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine

sergey@seas.ucla.edu, pmark@imp.kiev.ua, savva@imp.kiev.ua, ivas@imp.kiev.ua,

Keywords: powder metallurgy, titanium alloy, titanium matrix composite, armor, laminates, microstructure, mechanical properties, ballistic protection

Abstract

The use of titanium in making low-weight armor has been discussed for a few decades as one of the most attractive candidates for replacement of rolled homogeneous steel (RHS) [1], which remains the most commonly used metal for armor structures [2]. Given the mass efficiency coefficient of titanium compared to the RHS close to 1.5, it is needless to justify how such a replacement can favourably change the logistics of today's military operation. However, a broader use of titanium is limited by its high cost, especially when traditional cast and wrought technology is in place. There are two ways for a broader introduction of titanium to armor industry. One is to make its production more economical, and the second one is to improve its protective properties. The validity of the first way without doubts must challenge the currently used titanium armor production, which applies the cast and wrought technologies [3]. In this regard, powder metallurgy is a valid alternative to make armor less expensive, especially when low-cost hydrogenated titanium is used instead of expensive high-quality titanium powder. To make the second way effective, titanium-based armor should exhibit a combination of mechanical properties substantially improved compared to commercially available titanium-based armor, which commonly demonstrate the strength close to 950 MPa , a hardness of about 320 HV , and an elongation of [4]. One of the biggest materials problems is that the high strength or high hardness are not compatible with high ductility and to date, a meaningful increase of these properties in titanium is a big challenge. However, there is no need for the armor to exhibit a combination of these properties in all parts of the structure. In fact, it is accepted that for effective ballistic protection, the armor front must exhibit high hardness to stop the penetration action of the projectile and the armor back must exhibit high ductility in order to prevent armor fragmentation [5]. This proposes the use of laminates and the concept of layered armor becomes very prospective nowadays as the most apparent approaches in effective armor design. In this study, the laminate structures on the base of alloy and its composites reinforced with light and hard particles of TiC and TiB were made using blended elemental powder metallurgy of hydrogenated titanium. The developed press-and-sinter route followed by hot isostatic pressing was tested to achieve a high set of characteristics of individual layers and laminates as a whole. It has been shown that the used reinforcement presents an exceptional opportunity for hardening of Ti-based composites without compromising their low specific weigh and capable of hardness increase by more than compared to the base alloy. Fabricated structures were ballistically tested and compared with open data on commercial armor made of RHS, titanium, magnesium and aluminium alloys.

References

Montgomery JS, Wells MGH, Roopchand B, Ogilvy JW. Low-cost titanium armor for combat vehicles. JOM 49 (5) (1997) 45-47.

El-Bitar T, El-Meligy M, El-Shenawy E, Almosilhy A, Dawood N. Thermomechanical processing of armor steel plates. Int. J. Mater. Metall. Eng. 11(3) (2017) 214-220.

Fanning J. Military application for titanium alloys. J. Mater. Eng. Perform. 14 (2005) 686690.

Prikhodko SV, Ivasishin OM, Markovsky PE, Savvakin DG, Stasiuk OO. Titanium armor with gradient structure: Advanced technology for fabrication. Proceedings of the NATO SPS Cluster Workshop on Advanced Technologies. 17-18 September 2019, Leuven, Belgium, Springer, Ed. Claudio Palestini (2020) 127-143.

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Chapter 20

Session 11 - Posters

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Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 151-152

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing

G.V. Prandi , J.F.Q. Rodrigues , L.S. Silva , L.F. Starck , M. Sangali , M. Valentim , R. Caram

University of Campinas, School of Mechanical EngineeringCampinas, SP, Brazil.

prandigv@gmail.com, jfunifei@gmail.com, marcio.sangali@gmail.com, Matheus.valentim.mv@gmail.com, caram@fem.unicamp.br

Keywords: Additive Manufacturing, Biomedical Alloy, Functionally Graded Materials

Abstract

After total arthroplasty surgeries, a procedure involving the removal and replacement of damaged bones and cartilage with prosthetic components, it is common to observe bone loss resulting from the phenomenon known as stress shielding. This phenomenon leads to a preferential load applied to the prosthesis, especially when it has a high Young's modulus. This scenario inhibits the normal transfer of stress to the surrounding bone, as reported by Noyama, Y. et al. [1]. Recent studies are focused on mitigating the mentioned adverse effects using advanced geometric analyses. Prochor, P. et al. [2] propose new geometric designs aimed at reducing the negative impacts of these implants. Prosthetic manufacturing techniques using additive manufacturing, as exemplified by Zhang, L. et al. [3], enable the incorporation of functional porosity gradients. This approach results in regions of the prosthesis with lower rigidity, contributing to a more equitable stress distribution. Additionally, additive manufacturing techniques also enable the production of prostheses with materials exhibiting compositional gradients. This means that different regions of the prosthesis may have materials with varied Young's moduli, providing greater flexibility in adapting to the specific demands of each area. These promising advances pave the way for the customization of prostheses, allowing for the adjustment of material and geometry according to the specific purpose of the prosthesis and the body region where it will be applied. Based on the Ti alloy, known for its low Young's modulus ( 84.1 GPa ), high corrosion resistance, and low cytotoxicity, as highlighted by Hoppe, V. et al. [4], a new alloy was produced using the additive manufacturing technique LPBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion). This Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe (% by weight) alloy was obtained by gradually replacing Zr with Fe , with X ranging from 0 to (% by weight). Studies showed a microstructural modification along the constructed gradient, with an increase in Young's modulus with the rise of Fe. Vickers hardness also increased with higher contents of this alloying element. Advanced techniques, such as digital image correlation, were applied to analyse the deformation gradient formed due to variations in Fe and Zr in the alloy composition, providing insights into the stresses along the gradient. This approach allowed for a deeper understanding of the mechanical and structural properties of the alloy with a Fe gradient, offering valuable insights for future applications in orthopedic implants and biomedical devices.

References

Y. Noyama, T. Miura, T. Ishimoto, T. Itaya, M. Niinomi, e T. Nakano, "Bone Loss and Reduced Bone Quality of the Human Femur after Total Hip Arthroplasty under StressShielding Effects by Titanium-Based Implant", Mater Trans, vol. 53, no 3, p. 565-570, 2012, doi: 10.2320/matertrans.M2011358.

P. Prochor e E. Sajewicz, "The Influence of Geometry of Implants for Direct Skeletal Attachment of Limb Prosthesis on Rehabilitation Program and Stress-Shielding Intensity", Biomed Res Int, vol. 2019, p. 1-17, jul. 2019, doi: 10.1155/2019/6067952.

L. Zhang, B. Song, S.-K. Choi, e Y. Shi, "A topology strategy to reduce stress shielding of additively manufactured porous metallic biomaterials", Int J Mech Sci, vol. 197, p. 106331, maio 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jjmecsci.2021.106331.

V. Hoppe, P. Szymczyk-Ziółkowska, M. Rusińska, B. Dybała, D. Poradowski, e M. Janeczek, "Assessment of Mechanical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Alloy for Medical Applications", Materials, vol. 14, no 1, p. 126, dez. 2020, doi: 10.3390/ma14010126.

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 153-154

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-05

Accepted:
2024-03-19

Online:
2024-09-03

Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

M. Sangali , J.F.Q. Rodrigues , L.F. Starck , G.V. Prandi , M. Valentim , L.S. Silva , R. Caram

School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

a*marcio.sangali@gmail.com, jfunifei@gmail.com, leticia.starck@gmail.com, Matheus.valentim.mv@gmail.com, Issilva@unicamp.br, caram@unicamp.br

Keywords: Titanium alloys, Laser Powder Bed Fusion and Metallurgy Physics.

Abstract

Additive manufacturing, especially through the L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) technique, has gained prominence in producing orthopedic implants and prostheses. This is attributed to the inherent characteristics of the process, such as high surface finish under specific manufacturing conditions and the capability to introduce compositional gradients. However, the metallic powder used as raw material for this method is expensive, and its atomization requires specialized high-tech equipment [2]. A promising material for biomedical applications are metastable titanium alloys, due to their appealing mechanical properties, including low density, a reasonable yield strength-toelongation ratio, low elastic modulus, and a significant response to thermal treatments [1]. In situ titanium alloys have attracted attention due to their economic feasibility and the availability of raw materials, as well as the ability to optimize compositional gradients. Nevertheless, the manufacture of in situ titanium alloys faces significant challenges related to material homogeneity. It is common to observe in literature the presence of unmelted particles of alloying elements, such as Nb and Ta , due to its high melting point. Besides a considerable degree of porosity resulting from the evaporation is observed when low-melting-point elements are employed [3,4]. This study aims to investigate the heterogeneity resulting from the fabrication of alloy samples under different processing parameters and evaluate the effect of heat treatments in microstructure. In situ alloys were built using the OmniSint-160 equipment, featuring a Yb:YAG laser fiber with an spot size and a maximum power of 500 W . The manufacturing process was performed in an argon atmosphere with a continuous flow. A thorough mixing of , and Sn powders occurred for 2 hours under argon atmosphere in an eccentric rotary mixer at 140 rpm . Two distinct processing conditions were examined: the first at 125 W power and a scan speed, and the second at 200 W power and a scan speed. Both samples were produced with an hatch space and a layer thickness. The samples underwent various analyses, including X-ray diffractometry (PANalytical X'Pert diffractometer), scanning electron microscopy (Zeiss EVO MA15), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) (Netzsch STA 449 F3), and nanohardness testing (CSM Instruments). Considering both explored conditions, it became evident that a more uniform microstructure was attained by employing elevated laser power and reduced scanning speed in the as-built state. Furthermore, the existence of non-dissolved Nb particles gave rise to compositional gradients, prompting the precipitation of , and phases. The heat treatment played different roles in the two samples. The homogenous one showed large columnar grains, while the heterogenous sample showed a grain refinement in the unmelted particle regions.

References

S.S. Sidhu, H. Singh, M.A.H. Gepreel, A review on alloy design, biological response, and strengthening of -titanium alloys as biomaterials, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 121 (2021) 111661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111661.

W. Gao, Y. Zhang, D. Ramanujan, K. Ramani, Y. Chen, C.B. Williams, C.C.L. Wang, Y.C. Shin, S. Zhang, P.D. Zavattieri, The status, challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in engineering, CAD Comput. Aided Des. 69 (2015) 65-89. . 2015.04.001.

D. Zhao, C. Han, J. Li, J. Liu, Q. Wei, In situ fabrication of a titanium-niobium alloy with tailored microstructures, enhanced mechanical properties and biocompatibility by using selective laser melting, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 111 (2020) 110784. . 2020.110784.

D. Zhao, C. Han, Y. Li, J. Li, K. Zhou, Q. Wei, J. Liu, Y. Shi, Improvement on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of titanium-tantalum alloys in-situ fabricated via selective laser melting, J. Alloys Compd. 804 (2019) 288-298. . 2019.06.307.

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The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 155-155

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-02-19

Accepted:
2024-03-18

Online:
2024-09-03

Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Maria Vozarova , Lilla Vály , Isabel Montealegre-Meléndez , Cristina Arévalo , Eva Pérez-Soriano , Ernesto J. Delgado-Pujol , Ana Alcudia , Yadir Torres , Michael Kitzmantel , Erich Neubauer

RHP-Technology, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria

Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España.E-mail:

Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España

m.vo@rhp.at, l.va@rhp.at, carevalo@us.es, evamps@us.es, edelgado4@us.es, aalcudia@us.es, ytorres@us.es, 'm.ki@rhp.at, je.ne@us.es

Keywords: Stereolithography, titanium, biomaterials

Abstract

Stereolithography, commonly known as STL, stands as one of the most widely utilized 3D printing techniques. In this study, it has been employed for the fabrication of porous grade I titanium scaffolds intended for the replacement of small bone tumours. These implants are required to meet stringent biomechanical (stiffness and mechanical strength) and biofunctional (bone ingrowth facilitation, osseointegration, and antimicrobial properties) criteria for effective bone tissue substitution. Following resin removal from the printed scaffolds, they undergo sintering at for one hour in an argon environment. The primary aim is to assess the impact of porosity percentage and size on scaffold compression behaviour and their capability for infiltration with various studied biodegradable composite biopolymers: poly-c-caprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), augmented with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) and bioglass (BG-45S5) reinforcements to enhance osseointegration, along with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for imparting antimicrobial attributes to the implant. Within this framework, studies are conducted using bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (Grampositive bacteria), employing a modified version of the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Additionally, an in vitro evaluation of the hydroxyapatite-forming ability of these materials in the presence of simulated body fluid (SBF) is undertaken.

The original version of this eBook is available on https://www.scientific.net/book/book-of-abstracts-from-the-7th-international-conference-on-powder-metallurgy-and-additive-manufacturing-of-titanium-pmti2024/978-3-0364-1466-9

Scientific Books of Abstracts, Vol. 7, pp 156-157

© 2024 The Author(s). Published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

Submitted:
2024-06-17

Accepted:
2024-06-17

Online:
2024-09-03

PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

A. Illana , J. Villemur , C. Romero , E.M. Ruiz-Navas , E. Gordo , B. Torres , J. Rams , L. Fraga , J. Suárez

Water2kW S.L., Parque Científico Tecnológico ULPGC, Edificio Polivalente II, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.

Powder Technology Research Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain.

Materials Science and Engineering Research Group, Department of Applied Mathematics, Materials Science and Engineering and Electronics Technology, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán, s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.

andrea.illana@water2kw.com, jvillemu@pa.uc3m.es, carlos.romero@urjc.es, hluisa.fraga@water2kw.com, 'ceo@water2kw.com

Keywords: Powder metallurgy, Additive manufacturing, Porous Transport Layer, Ion exchange membrane water electrolyser, Green hydrogen.

Abstract

Green (from water electrolysis and using renewable sources) has not yet become widespread in the energy mix, due to its current production cost ( ) being more than three times higher than that of blue , i.e., that from fossil fuels with capture and storage [1]. The electrolyser, where the electrolysis reaction takes place, is the largest investment component. Specifically, the Porous Transport Layers (PTLs; Fig. 1a) account for of its cost [2]. Its function is to evenly distribute the electrolyte/water, to discharge the generated gases ( and ) and to conduct the electric current [1]. For this reason, the interrelated objectives pursued by PMEMEL-H2 project are to improve the performance and reduce the cost of two types of electrolysers - Proton and Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (PEMWE and AEMWE) - by manufacturing advanced PTLs with single and multi-material porous structures with composition gradients, using powder metallurgy and additive manufacturing (AM). The substrates used are titanium (only in PEMWE) and stainless steel and could be subjected to one or more surface treatments.

References

Green Hydrogen Cost Reduction: Scaling up Electrolysers to Meet the Climate Goal. International Renewable Energy Agency (2020)

Cost forecast for low temperature electrolysis - technology driven bottom-up prognosis for PEM and alkaline water electrolysis systems. Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE (2021)

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Keywords Index

A

Additive Manufacturing High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition; Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition; Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design; Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing; Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders; Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements; Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169; Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Additive Manufacturing Processing Of Titanium And Titanium Alloys In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion; 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Additive Manufacturing; Fused Granular Fabrication (fgf); Metal Injection Molding (mim); Titanium-aluminides; Tial TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Additive Manufacturing; Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing; Binder; Debinding; Ti6al4v Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V

Additive Manufacturing; Wear Behavior; Ti6al4v/sicp Metal Matrix Composites Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

Aerospace Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Alloy Design In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Am Powder Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Armor Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

B

Ballistic Protection Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Biofunctional Behaviour Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Biomaterials Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Biomedical Alloy Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing

Bone Implants Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

C

Capillary Lift Sintered Titanium Sponge

Carbon Footprint Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Characterization Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition

Chemical Composition On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Closed-loop Recycling Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Cohesive Index Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Cold Metal Fusion (cmf) Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion

Cold Spray Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Colloidal Mixing 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Composite Biopolymers Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Composite Powder Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Creep Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys; An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides

D

Deformation Mitigation Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Density Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion

Digital Twin Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Dimensional Accuracy Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion; Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Direct Energy Deposition High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Direct Ink Writing TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Direct-laser-deposition Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Ductility Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

E

Elastic Constant Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Electron Beam Selective Melting Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Energy Efficiency Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Ex Situ Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

F

Fatigue Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Femoral Stem Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

First Principle Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Flowability Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM; Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Fracture Mechanism Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Functionally Graded Materials Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing

G

Gas Atomisation Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Gas Atomization Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

Gas Turbine Blade Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines

Grain Refinement High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition; Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Green Hydrogen PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

H

Harmonic Structure Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Heats Of Formation Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Heterostructure Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Heterostructure Titanic Composites Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

High-cycle Fatigue Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

High-temperature Strength Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines

Hip Implant Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Hot Forging Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Hot Isostatic Press Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Hot Isostatic Pressing Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route; Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Hot Press Sintering Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

I

Impact Toughness Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Internal Stresses Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Ion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

L

Laminar Composites Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy

Laminates Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Laser Poder Bed Fusion Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Laser Powder Bed Fusion Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes; Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Laser Powder Bed Fusion (l-pbf) Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

Laser Powder Bed Fusion And Metallurgy Physics Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Ti-5553; Ti-42nb Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Laser Welding Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Laser-powder Bed Fusion In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Lattice Structures Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy

Layer Thickness Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Layered Materials Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys

Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing (lmm) Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion

Lmm Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Lpbf Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy

M

Machining Swarf Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Manufacturing Optimization Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Martensite Decomposition Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Material Extrusion 3D Printing 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Material Extrusion; Additive Manufacturing; Sintering; Titanium Alloys; Biomedical Alloy Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock

Mechanical Alloying Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Mechanical Metamaterials Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

Mechanical Properties Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations; Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design; Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion; On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties; Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder; Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites; Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys; Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Mechanical Property Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Metal Additive Manufacturing; Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Fatigue; Ti-6al-4v; Powders; Particle Size Distribution; Powder Flowability; Mechanical Properties Offsize Particle Size Utilization for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V Powders: Impact on Fatigue Properties of Produced Parts

Metal Injection Molding And Ti-nb Alloy And Sintering Behavior And Microstructural Properties Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM)

Metal Injection Moulding An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides

Metal Injection Moulding; Indirect Additive Manufacturing; Titanium And Titanium Alloys; Powder-polymer Interaction Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

Metal Powder Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Metallic Materials Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Metallic Wire Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Microstructural Development Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Microstructure Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing; Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing; Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders; Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites; Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Microstructure Analysis On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Milling Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Mim Application Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Modelling Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Multi-physics Modelling Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

N

Nano-reinforcement Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Nanoreinforcement Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Nickel Titanium Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Niti Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Nitrogen Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

O

Oxygen Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

P

Phase Stability Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Phenomenological Sintersimulation Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Phonon Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Plasma Metal Deposition Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition

Plastic Deformation Mechanisms Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Porosity Sintered Titanium Sponge; Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Porous Transport Layer PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Post Heat Treatment Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Powder Bed Fusion-laser (pbf-l) On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Powder Characterization Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Powder Layer Density; Flowability Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

Powder Metallurgy Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations; Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon; Sintered Titanium Sponge; Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route; Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing; Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders; Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169; Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Powder Metallurgy And Additive Manufacturing Processing Of Titanium And Titanium Alloys A Pathway to Achieving High-Performance and Low-Cost Ti Simultaneously; Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Powder Metallurgy; Hot Isostatic Pressing (hip); Titanium And Titanium Alloys Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Powder Metallurgy; Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation; Titanium Alloy; Microstructure; Mechanical Properties Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

Powder Metallurgy; Titanium Aluminides; Co Addition Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition

Powder Metallurgy; Titanium Matrix Composites (tmcs); Pelleted Heterostructure; Composite Powders; Interdiffusion Synthesis Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Pelleted Hetero-Structure Titanium Matrix Composites via Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy

Powder Morphology Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

Powder Reuse On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Powders Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Predeformation Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

R

Recycled Powder 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

S

Screw Extruder 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Selective Laser Melting Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Selective Laser Sintering Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Sinter-based Additive Manufacturing Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Sinter-based Fabrication Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

Sintering An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides; Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion; Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Spark Plasma Sintering Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations; Sintered Titanium Sponge; Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

Spreadability Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches; Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM; Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Stereolithography Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Stop-controlled Sintering Sintered Titanium Sponge

Strengthen-ductility Synergy Improvement Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

Structural Optimization Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

Surface Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Surface Contamination Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

Synchrotron Radiation Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

T

Ta15 Alloy; High-temperature "inverse" Hall-petch; Grain-boundary Strength; Hightemperature Softening Mechanism High-temperature "Inverse" Hall-Petch Relationship and Fracture Behavior of TA15 Alloy

Tc4 Alloy Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Tensile Strength Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Thin Wall Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Ti-47al-2cr-2nb-0.15b Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

Ti-6ai-4v Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Ti-6al-4v Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Ti-al Alloys Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Ti-nb Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

Ti-nb-sn Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes

Ti-tibw Composite Powder Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Ti6al4v Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders; Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Ti6al4v Alloys Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Tial Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines

Tial Alloy Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Tic Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Titanium Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition; Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing; Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements; TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing; Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Titanium Alloy Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Titanium Alloys High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition; Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting; Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Titanium Alloys; Grain Refinement; Powder Processing; Compositional Design; Additive Manufacturing A Novel Compositional Design Strategy for As-Printed Ti Alloys with Equiaxed Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Performance

Titanium Alloys; Microstructure; Fatigue; Tension; Texture Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys

Titanium And Titanium Alloys Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Titanium Matrix Composite Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Titanium Matrix Composites Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder; Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites; Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Titanium Powder Metallurgy 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Titanium Powder Production Technology Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Titanium Sponge Sintered Titanium Sponge

Titanium-aluminides An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides

Titanium-niobium Scaffolds TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Titanium; Pemwe; Porous Transport Layer; Coatings; Corrosion Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells

Titanium; Powder; Oxide Layer; Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Tensile Property A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Authors Index

A

Albaladejo, V. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Alcudia, A. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

An, Q. Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting; Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

Anatolie, T. Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Andreu, T. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Arévalo, C. Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing; Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition; Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Ashrafizadeh, S. Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

Assumpção, G. Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

B

Barriobero-Vila, P. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Baum, A. Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Belsure, N. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Bergeron, O. Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Bermingham, M. Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Boehlert, C. Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys

Bonache, V. Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing

Bosters, J. Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V

Brodskyy, A. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Brooke, R. High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Burgos, N. Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Burkhardt, C. Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V; Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

C

Cai, W. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Calvo, L. 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Candela, C. Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

Cano, I. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Cano, S. Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V; Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Cao, P. In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

Caram, R. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Cardona, R. 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Chang, T. Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Charbonneau, C. Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Chauke, H. Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Chen, G. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Chen, W. Characterization of the Microstructure, Tensile, Fatigue, and Creep Behavior of Powder Metallurgy Processed Rolled and Extruded Ti-6AI-4V-1B Alloys

Chirico, C. Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock; 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Chukhmanov, O. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Connetable, D. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Contieri, R. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

Crego, J. Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells

Cui, L. Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting

Cui, Y. Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route

D

Dargusch, M. Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Dehmas, M. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Deirmina, F. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Delgado-Pujol, E. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Ding, W. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Dirras, G. Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Doblin, C. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Dopler, M. Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

E

Easton, M. High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Ebel, T. An Overview on Sintering of Titanium-Aluminides; TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

F

Faizan-ur-Rab, M. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Fang, Z. A Pathway to Achieving High-Performance and Low-Cost Ti Simultaneously

Fargas, G. TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Fer, B. Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Feria, D. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Ferrari, B. Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock; 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Fogagnolo, J. Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Fraga, L. PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Francqui, F. Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

G

Galleguillos, C. On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Gama, A. Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Garfias, A. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Geng, L. Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting

Gibson, M. High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Gonchar, A. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Gong, D. Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure

González, J. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Grande-Molina, M. 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Gulizia, S. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Guo, Z. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

H

Habibnejad-Korayem, M. Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches; Offsize Particle Size Utilization for Laser Powder Bed Fusion Processing of Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V Powders: Impact on Fatigue Properties of Produced Parts; Investigation of the Effect of Oxygen Homogeneity on the Processability of Ti-6AI-4V: Addition of out of Spec Powders

Harakály, G. Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V; Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Harlin, P. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Henriques, V. Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Hermantier, P. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Holzer, C. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

Hryha, E. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Huang, L. Refined Microstructures and Enhanced Strength of In Situ TiBw/Ti-6.5AI-2.5Zr-1Mo-1V Composites by Selective Laser Melting; Improving Strengthen-Ductility Synergy of Titanium Matrix Composites by Constructing Multi-Scale Network Heterostructure; Microstructure and High-Temperature Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Yttrium Silicide-Modified Near α Titanium Alloy; Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Hugues, J. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Hui, D. Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Hutsch, T. Sintered Titanium Sponge

I

Illana, A. PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Ivasishin, O. Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Ivasyshyn, O. Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy

J

Jackson, M. Exploitation of FAST/SPS to Recycle Surplus Metal Powder for Sustainable Solutions and Near Net Shape Components

K

Kim, S. Development of TiAI Alloys for Gas Turbine Engines

Kitzmantel, M. Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Kong, F. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43AI-9V-Y Alloy Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Kruzhanov, V. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Kukla, C. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

Köll, A. Ways to Improve Carbon Footprint in the Additive Manufacturing Process Chain

L

Lakroune, Y. Martensite Decomposition during Heating of the Ti-6AI-4V Alloy Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Lapena, M. Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Lasagni, F. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Lefebvre, L. Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches; Effect of Surface on the Properties of Titanium Based Powders

Leão, L. Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications

Li, A. Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Li, B. Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Li, R. Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy

Li, S. A Novel Compositional Design Strategy for As-Printed Ti Alloys with Equiaxed Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Performance; Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder; Synthesis Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Pelleted Hetero-Structure Titanium Matrix Composites via Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy; High-temperature "Inverse" Hall-Petch Relationship and Fracture Behavior of TA15 Alloy

Liang, Y. Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Lima, R. Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Limberg, W. TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Lin, H. Tailored Titanium Mechanical Metamaterials via Additive Manufacturing

Lin, J. Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Liu, D. The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys

Liu, J. Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Liu, L. Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder; Synthesis Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Pelleted Hetero-Structure Titanium Matrix Composites via Interdiffusion and Self-Organization Strategy Based on Powder Metallurgy

Liu, W. Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Liu, Y. Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Llanes, L. TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Lopez, R. Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Lu, S. Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

Lu, Z. The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys; Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing; Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Lumay, G. Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Luna, P. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

M

Ma, Z. Microstructure and High-Temperature Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Yttrium Silicide-Modified Near α Titanium Alloy

Markovsky, P. Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Marter, T. Comparing Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing for Titanium with Established Processes Such as Cold Metal Fusion; Enhancing Sintering Performance of Ti-6AI-4V through Phenomenological Simulation and Predeformation

Martin, J. Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of a P/M Ti-6AI-4V Alloy with Additions of Carbon and Silicon

Martins, F. Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Mashamaite, M. Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Monfardini, W. Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition

Montealegre-Meléndez, I. Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing; Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition; Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

N

Neubauer, E. Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Neveu, A. Predicting Powder Spreadability for Metal AM

Ngoepe, P. Mechanical Behaviour and Structural Investigation of Ti-Pt-Ru High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys

Nieto, Á. On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Niu, H. Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

O

Odériz, E. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium; Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys; Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Oryshych, D. Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

P

Paul, J. TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Pelletier, R. Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

Perez-Soriano, E. Enhancing Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys: Insights from Tribological Testing; Optimizing Titanium-Boron Carbide Composites for Aerospace Manufacturing via Plasma Metal Deposition; Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Periñán, A. On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties; Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity

Poudelet, L. 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Parts from Waste Material

Prandi, G. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Prikhodko, S. Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Prima, F. Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Puchades, J. Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells

Pyczak, F. TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Q

Qian, M. Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

Qin, M. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Qiu, D. High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Qu, X. A Novel Strategy to Tailor Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ti Upon Understanding of the Powder Oxide Layer

Qu, Z. Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Quaglio, L. Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition

R

Rackel, M. TiAI Powder Based Fused Granular Fabrication

Ramirez, A. Ti and Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Dissimilar Joint Obtained by Additive Manufacturing

Rams, J. Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Rey, P. Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Riquelme, A. Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing; Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

Rodrigo, P. Mechanical Alloying Process of Ti-Al Powders through Milling and Additive Manufacturing; Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Study of Wear Behavior of Ti6Al4V/SiCp Composites Additively Manufactured by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition

Rodrigues, J. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Rodriguez, D. TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Ruiz-Navas, E. Characterization and Thermal Treatment of -TiAI Intermetallic Alloy for Enhanced Microstructural Properties; Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Ruiz-Palenzuela, B. Characterization and Thermal Treatment of -TiAI Intermetallic Alloy for Enhanced Microstructural Properties

S

Sabirov, I. Characterization and Thermal Treatment of -TiAI Intermetallic Alloy for Enhanced Microstructural Properties

Salgueiro, M. Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Salvo, J. Processing of a Beta Titanium Alloy by Metal Injection Molding (MIM); Ti-35Nb-TiC Metal Matrix Composites

Sanchez-Herencia, A. Innovative Thermal Approach for Consolidation of AM-MEX Ti64-Based Components Using Sustainable Colloidal Feedstock

Sandberg, R. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Sangali, M. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Santaolaya, J. On the Effectiveness of the Processing Parameters of Titanium Ti-6Al4 V by PBF-L/M and the Effect of Powder Recycling on the Material Properties

Santos, A. Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Sarret, M. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Savvakin, D. Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy; Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Schuschnigg, S. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium

Silva, L. Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Song, T. Strong and Ductile Titanium Alloys Containing High Interstitial Elements

Song, Y. Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy

Soundarapandiyan, G. Effect of Layer Thickness and Particle Size Distribution on the Microstructure and Properties of Ti6Al4V Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Soyama, J. Sintering Titanium Aluminides with Co Addition; Sandwich Structure of TI-5553 and Ti-42Nb Prepared by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

Starck, L. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Stasiuk, O. Recent Developments in Producing Highly Dense Ti Matrix Composites via Hydrogen Assisted Powder Metallurgy

Stasyuk, O. Powder Metallurgy Technologies for Low-Cost Titanium-Based Laminated Armor

Su, Y. Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys

Suarez, J. PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Sun, P. A Pathway to Achieving High-Performance and Low-Cost Ti Simultaneously

Sánchez, J. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

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Tingaud, D. Optimization of a Harmonic Structured Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn Alloy through Combined Microstructural and Mechanical Investigations

Torres, B. Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Torres, Y. Infiltration with Polymeric Biocomposite of Porous Ti6Al4V Implants Obtained through Laser Sintering to Enhance Osteointegration and Antimicrobial Activity; Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Trapp, J. Sintered Titanium Sponge

Troshchylo, V. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

V

Vaamonde, E. Manufacturing of a Ti6Al4V Aerospace Component by Metallic Wire Based Laser Beam Directed Energy Deposition

Valentim, M. Developing Near Beta Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy through In Situ Alloying in Additive Manufacturing Processes; Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturing of Graded Ti-Nb Alloys: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties for Biomedical Applications; Investigating Multimaterial Lattices Fabricated via Laser Powder Bed Fusion Using a Reinforcement Layer Strategy; Exploring Layered Materials Using Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Titanium Alloys; Obtention of Functionally Graded Ti-13Nb-(10-X)Zr-XFe Biomedical Alloy Through Additive Manufacturing; Assessment of Microstructural Homogeneity and Composition Gradients in SLM-Manufactured Ti-30Nb-4Sn Alloy for Biomedical Applications

Vargas-Uscategui, A. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Vaz, R. Cold Spray Additive Manufacturing of Ti to Reduce the Cost of PEM Electrolyzers

Vilella, T. TiNb-Based Shape Memory Alloy Scaffolds Produced by Direct Ink Writing

Villarreal, C. Dwell Fatigue of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Villemur, J. Interaction of Binder and Powder in Processing of Titanium; Fabrication and Properties of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing of Ti-6AI-4V Alloys; Comparison between TiN Coating on Porous Ti-6AI-4V Produced by EBM or PM for Bipolar Plates in PEM Fuel Cells; PMEMEL-H2: Opportunities for the Development and Application of Powder Metallurgy in Enhanced Performance Ion Exchange Electrolysers for Green

Vogel, L. Development of Materials and Processes for the Lithography-Based Metal Manufacturing of Ti6AI4V; Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys

Vozarova, M. Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

Vály, L. Fabrication of Porous Titanium Scaffolds with Enhanced Biofunctional Behavior by Combining Stereolithography Technique and Infiltration of Composite Biopolymers with Osteoinductive and Bactericidal Properties

W

Wang, F. Porous Thin Wall Titanium Alloys Manufactured by Electron Beam Selective Melting

Wang, Q. Evolution of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgy TC18 Prepared by Hot Isostatic Pressing

Wang, S. Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder; Microstructure Design and Mechanical Behaviors of Dual-Scale TiB Whisker Reinforced Ti64 Composites

Weißgärber, T. Sintered Titanium Sponge

Wu, J. The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys; Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route; Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Wu, X. Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

X

Xu, D. In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

Xu, L. The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys; Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route; Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing; Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Y

Yang, R. The Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAI Alloys; Preparation and Properties of Ti-47AI-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B Alloy by Powder Metallurgy Route; Powder Densification Process Analysis of γ-TiAI Alloys through Hot Isostatic Pressing

Yang, W. In Situ Alloying of Copper-Coated Titanium Powder via Laser Powder Bed Fusion; Porosity Prediction and Defect Control for the Titanium-Based Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes

Yang, Y. A Novel Compositional Design Strategy for As-Printed Ti Alloys with Equiaxed Microstructure and Excellent Mechanical Performance

Yarovynskyi, A. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Yarovynskyi, V. Suitability of Novel Titanium Alloys Powders for Metal Injection Moulding Applications

Yin, Y. Effects of Thermal Induced Porosity on High-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6AI-4V Titanium Alloy; Additive Manufacturing and Hot Isostatic Pressing Formability Contrast of GH4169

Yousefiani, A. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Yue, S. Investigating Ti6Al4V Spreadability on Powder Bed Fusion: A Comparative Analysis of Single and Multi-Layer Approaches

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Zahiri, S. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Zamorano, B. Large Titanium Preform Manufacture by Cold Spray

Zhang, B. Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation

Zhang, D. Correlations between Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ti- 6AI-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si- (0,0.5)Y (wt.%) Alloys Fabricated by Thermomechanical Powder Consolidation; High Strength and Ductility in As-Built Ti-Cu-Fe-Al Alloys Produced via Direct Energy Deposition

Zhang, J. Achieving Strong and Uniform Additively Manufactured Titanium through Alloy Design

Zhang, X. Progress of Titanium Matrix Composites via Powder Metallurgy and Additive Manufacturing Based on the Newly Developed Nano-TiBw Reinforced Titanium Matrix Composites Powder

Zimmermann, M. Advances in Lithography Based Metal Manufacturing of Nickel Titanium Alloys