Papers by Keyword: CCT-Diagram

Abstract: Phase transformation of austenite continuous cooling process in low carbon high strength sheet steel has been researched by DIL805 thermal mechanical simulate. The Austenite continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram of steel has been determined by dilatometry and metallography. With the increase of cooling rate, ferritic transformation, perlitic transformation, bainite transformation and martensitic transformation have produced in the organization. Mathematical equations of phase transformation point-cooling rate and phase variable-cooling rate have been established and phase transformation model of high fit degree has been gained by regression calculation. The results show that calculated value and experimental value are nearly similar, so the phase transformation model is feasible.

Abstract: The fast development of automotive industry effects significantly on aspirations of designers and constructors to reduces the mass-produced cars, affecting meaningly on fuel consumption and gas emition. From the standpoint of automotive industry materials for modern car-body sheets should have high mechanical properties (primarily high tensil strenght) and very good cupping. The required high mechanical and plastic properties steels used in produce of car bodies are dependent on the type of the obtaining structure, witch be shaped by an appropriate heat and thermo-plastic treatment. The modern steels used in automotive industry are multi-phase steels e.g. dual-phase (DP), complex-phase (CP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. In this paper are presented the results of physical and numerical modeling of heat treatment the experimental complex-phase steel, witch be conducted in the Institute of Modeling and Automation of Plastic Working Processing on Częstochowa University of Technology. The numerical modellig of heat treatment were carried with using the commercial programe TTSteel. Based on the results of computer simulation the changes of steel microstructure during continuous cooling were analyzed and the characteristics temperature and CCT diagram was constructed. Numerical research have been verified by the physical simulation of heat treatment by the dilatometer DIL805. The characteristic temperature of investigated steel and the size of initial austenite grains were determined. On the samples was also metallographic examination and Vickers hardness testing conducted. The obtained results were used to build a real CCT diagram of steel.

Abstract: Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams determined with a dilatometer were used to analyse the influence of the alloying elements on the phase transitions of high strength steel sheet alloys. Mo and Cr additions showed a significant influence on the extension of the bainitic region, whereas C and B additions showed noteworthy improvement on the quenchability of these steel alloys. These alloy properties are desirable requirements to be integrated in hot formed components. In addition to these experimental results, thermodynamic calculations were done with help of the JMatPro software in order to analyse the effect of Mn and C on the resulting mechanical properties as function of the quenching rate.

Abstract: The continues cooling transformation (CCT) of a low carbon Mn-Nb-B steel in the undeformed and deformed conditions were investigated, respectively. The CCT diagrams of the steel were constructed. The microstructures and microhardness were analysized. The results showed that the microsructures contains ferrite, pearlite, granular bainite, acicular ferrite and lath bainite depending on cooling rate; Deformation moved the CCT curve to the top left corner, increased the transformation start temperatures slightly, and promoted the formation of ferrite and pearlite. Furthmore deformation also fined the transformed microstructures.

Abstract: In this study, the multi-component white cast irons with 5wt% of Mo, W, 2 wt% of C, Co each and varying Cr content from 1 to 9 wt% and V content from 3 to 9 wt% independently were employed and effect of Cr and V contents on the behavior of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) was investigated. When the Cr content increases to 5wt%, the critical cooling rate of pearlite transformation (VC-P) does not change much, but the VC-P decreases gradually as the Cr content is increased over 5 wt%. The critical cooling rate of bainite transformation (VC-B) increases with an increase in the Cr content. In the case of V effect, on the other hand, the VC-P decreases as the V content increases. However, the VC-B decreases with an increase in the V content up to 4mass%, but over 4wt%V, it increases, and at 9wt%V, the precipitation of ferrite phase occurred. Ms temperature decreases continuously as the Cr content increases to 5wt%, and then increases. As the V content increases, Ms temperature rises gradually. In the case that Mf point appears, the Mf temperature goes up with an increase in the Cr and V contents.

Abstract: The effect of Si on phase transformation was well known in dual phase steels. Si promoted the ferrite transformation and the enriched C in untransformed austenite prohibited the transformation at intermediate temperature range resulting in the formation of lower bainite and martensite at low temperature range. In addition, during continuous cooling with fast cooling rate, it was very hard to differentiate one phase from the others. In order to clarify the effects of Si on the austenite-to-ferrite transformation quantitatively, the start temperatures of bainite(BS) and martensite(MS) as well as ferrite(Ae3) and pearlite(Ae1) were calculated by thermodynamic analysis. LVDT measured by dilatometer and 1st differentiation peaks of LVDT were examined with microstructures, which gives a possibility of the phase separation. In CCT diagrams, it was also found that large austenite grain size(AGS) widened the gap between the transformation start(Ts) and end(Tf) when Si was added.

Abstract: Many Aluminium alloys use the precipitation of metastable phases to generate optimum properties. The effect of including additional structures such as θ’ and GP zones is described in the context of a hierarchy of metastable structures. Extending a Thermodynamic data base that has been designed solely to deal with equilibrium conditions is a vital prerequisite to handling the heattreatment of aluminium alloys. It is then possible to generate TTT and CCT diagrams, using the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami treatment previously applied in to other materials providing provision is made for the presence of supersaturated quenched-in vacancies. Calculations using JMatPro are given for the expected behavior of commercial aluminium alloys of increasing complexity, including AA319, AA6061 and AA7075.

Abstract: Knowledge of the TTT (Time-Temperature-Transformation) or CCT (Continuous- Cooling-Transformation) diagrams of steels is an important factor in the thermo-mechanical processing of steels. Much experimental work has been undertaken to determine such diagrams. Significant works have been written which can calculate TTT and CCT diagrams for steels. The aim of the present work is to show the developed model that can provide accurate enough TTT and CCT diagrams for steel 42 CrMo4 (where the austenitisation temperature was 1050°C). The calculated results are compared by the experimental results. The developed TTT phase transformation diagrams based on FEM-based phase elements and the star-like cooling simulation make it possible to create virtual CCT diagram data.

Abstract: This study investigated a method for estimating hardness distribution in welds, considering the effect of phase transformation and weld thermal cycles. Hardness distribution in welds was estimated from fractions and hardness of each microstructure by using rule of mixture. Finite element heat conduction analysis was performed to calculate weld thermal cycles. Microstructures formed corresponding to the thermal cycle were also calculated based on the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram. The method mentioned above was applied to welds of Ultra-Narrow Gap welding process, which was developed for welding of ultrafine-grained steels. The calculated thermal cycles in the welds corresponded with measured results. Moreover, the estimated hardness distribution in the welds, which were estimated by using calculated thermal cycles and the phase fraction of each microstructure, was also in good agreement with measured values.

Abstract: Joint performances such as tensile strength and hardness in multi-pass welds are induced from both metallurgical and mechanical heterogeneity due to the difference of welding conditions. Hardness distribution in multi-pass weld metal is evaluated with a numerical simulation considering multiple heat cycles and phase transformation. Hardness of multipass weld metal is calculated with the rule of mixture by using fraction and hardness of each microstructure. In order to calculate fraction of each microstructure, CCT diagram was used. Conventional CCT diagrams of weld metal is not available even for single pass weld metal, thus new diagrams for multi-pass weld metals are created in this study. Modified diagrams for multi-pass weld metals with reheating effect were more dependent on the maximum temperature in reheating than the welding conditions. Hardness distribution is precisely predicted when the created CCT diagram for the multipass weld metal was used and the detailed calculation of weld thermal cycle is done.