Papers by Keyword: Ultrasonic Measurement

Abstract: In the fields of materials science and engineering, measuring temperature has become one of the most fundamental and important issues. In particular, there are growing demands for monitoring temperature gradient and its transient variation of materials being processed at higher temperatures because the temperature state during processing crucially influences the quality of final products. Such temperature monitoring is also required for rotating machining processes such as tuning, milling and friction stir welding (FSW). In this work, a new noncontact method for monitoring temperature distribution of a heated rotating cylindrical object is presented. A laser-ultrasonic technique is employed in the method. Surface temperature measurements for the cylindrical object using the laser-ultrasonic technique and heat conduction analyses are combined together for making quantitative evaluation of temperature distribution in the radial direction of the cylindrical object. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, an experiment with a steel cylinder of 100 mm in diameter rotating at 300 min^-1 and heated up to 100 °C on the surface is carried out. A pulsed laser generator and a laser Doppler vibrometer are used for generating and detecting surface acoustic waves (SAWs) on the steel cylinder, respectively. Measured SAWs are used for determining both surface and internal temperatures of the cylinder. As a result, the estimated temperature distributions during heating almost agree with those measured by an infrared radiation camera.

Abstract: An elasticity imaging method using continuous vibration wave excitation is expected to be a safe and quantitative technique. A velocity map is successfully produced by running wave number spectrum analysis of the 2D displacement map of the shear wave propagation. However, a problem is still remained that the accuracy and resolution is not sufficient for medical application. This paper presents an elasticity imaging method based on velocity filtering to clear the boundary of a hard target. We demonstrate an effectiveness of this method through the simulated data.

Abstract: Ultrasonic Lamb wave detection technology is an important, nondestructive testing technology for the damage of plate. In order to inspect the plate material nondestructively, an ultrasonic measurement system is investigated and the principle and structure of the system are described in this paper. The CTS-3000 instrument is used to excite and receive ultrasonic signal, which is delivered to computer through RS232 interface. Then the signal collected by the computer is analyzed with the 304 stainless steel as the experiment material. The results show that the proposed system can realize the measurement of ultrasonic with simple instrument structure and have great potential for future applications.

Abstract: With liquid as transmission medium, using ultrasonic precision measurement, an effective device was studied and developed for monitoring early age shrinkage of concrete. With it, shrinkage of concrete in the plastic stage could be accurately monitored. During the measurement, 0.01mm and even higher monitoring accuracy could be achieved.

Abstract: The objective of the study described in this paper is to identify the residual stress distribution and relaxation in standard welded specimens as well as in a large-scale welded panel imitating the critical, from the fatigue point of view, zones of ship structure. The residual stresses were measured after welding and in the process of fatigue loading of welded elements by the UltraMARS system that is based on using ultrasound. The measurements had shown that the maximum residual stresses near the welds (4-5 mm away from the weld) reach levels 290-320 MPa that are close to the yield strength of considered material both in welded specimens and in the large scale panel. Analysis of residual stress relaxation in the welded panel under the action of cyclic loading confirmed the fact that within the interval of applied stress ranges corresponding to the multi-cycle region of loading of the welded joints, the relaxation of residual stresses occurs mainly during the first cycle.

Abstract: Welding, which is a largely used process in the mechanical manufacturing, well known to induce high-level residual stresses. The level of residual stresses is of great importance for the lifetime of welded components used in mechanical engineering industry. The use of the ultrasonic method for the evaluation of the residual stresses is based on the acoustoelastic effect, which refers to the change in velocity of the acoustic waves propagating in a strained solid. In the case of welding, the microstructure modifications observed in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and the melted zone (MZ) also induce variations of the velocity of the acoustic waves. The superposition of the two effects, stresses and microstructure, results in over-estimating the levels of stresses. This work which was completed in collaboration with CETIM is a contribution to this problem. The experimental study was carried out on P460HLE and P265 steels welded sheets. The results obtained by the ultrasonic Lcr wave technique were compared with those obtained by the hole drilling technique. This work confirms the possibility of evaluating the residual stresses induced by welding using the ultrasonic method.

Abstract: In this paper, artificial creep degradation test and ultrasonic measurement for their creep degraded specimens (Cr-Mo alloy steel) were carried out for the purpose of evaluation for creep damage. Absolute measuring method of quantitative ultrasonic measurement for material degradation was established, and long-term creep degradation tests using creep life prediction formula were carried out. As a result of ultrasonic tests for crept specimens, we conformed that both the sound velocity decreased and attenuation coefficient linearly increased in proportion to the increase of creep life fraction (fc). In frequency and noise analysis, it was conformed that the high frequency side spectra and central frequency components shift to low frequency band, and bandwidths decrease as increasing creep damage in backwall echo. And also, the ultrasonic noise linearly increased in proportion to the increase of creep degradation.

Abstract: Shot peening is an effective method of improving fatigue performance of machine parts in the industry by producing a thin surface layer of compressive residual stresses that prevents crack initiation and retards crack growth during service. Nondestructive evaluation of the prevailing compressive residual stresses in the shallow subsurface layer is realized by the critically refracted longitudinal (Lcr) waves. This paper presents experimental data obtained on SMAT (surface mechanical attrition treatment) steel alloy S355 sample. Comparative travel-time shows that there are statistically significant differences in treated and untreated specimen. With knowledge of the acoustoelastic constants which are obtained by a test calibration, the experimental data indicates that compressive residual stresses are distributed near subsurface (hundreds of micron). These stress results show that the Lcr technique is efficient for evaluation of residual stresses after the surface treatment.