Papers by Author: Magnus C. Wagener

Abstract: This paper describes a series of electrical measurements and sample modifications that enabled the electrical properties of hybrid-orientation direct silicon bonded wafer interfaces to be determined. It is shown that the carrier transport across this near-surface (110)Si/(100)Si boundary is dictated by the defects present at the bond interface. These interface states are believed to pin the Fermi-level, producing a conduction barrier with a thermal activation energy Ea = 0.56eV. The defect band has been identified by deep-level transient spectroscopy and associated with the defect states typically observed in plastically deformed silicon. The carrier transport behavior across the bonding interface, as well as the observed interface trap levels are therefore attributed to the dislocation network present at the bonding interface. The spatial uniformity of the interface properties have been evaluated by TEM, electron-beam induced current microscopy, photoconductive decay and conduction measurements.

Abstract: A novel crystal growth method has been developed for the production of ingots, bricks and wafers for solar cells. Monocrystallinity is achievable over large volumes with minimal dislocation incorporation. The resulting defect types, densities and interactions are described both microscopically for wafers and macroscopically for the ingot, looking closely at the impact of the defects on minority carrier lifetime. Solar cells of 156 cm2 size have been produced ranging up to 17% in efficiency using industrial screen print processes.