Key Engineering Materials Vols. 535-536

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of the gradient on the cross-section on the dynamic behavior of the graded cellular rods under impact loading. A graded cellular rod, whose cross-section varies along the axial direction, is supposed to impinged by a rigid mass G with initial velocity . The shock theory proposed by Reid and Peng [1] is employed to establish the analytical model. Similar to the previous work [2], the analytical results show that only one shock front appears when the gradient is positive while two shock fronts exist in the rod with negative gradient. Closed form solution is found for the single shock (SS) mode, while finite difference method is employed to obtain solutions for the double shock (DS) mode.

Abstract: Aluminum sheet metals have been widely utilized for a light weight construction of automobile. However, these metals still remain one of the difficult materials to predict the accurate final shapes after press forming processes, because of several mechanical weak features such as strong plastic anisotropy of yield stress, large Lankford value, and so on. In order to solve the problems, the present author has developed a new constitutive model. The model can describe accurate non-proportional hardening behaviors of an aluminum sheet metal. In the present research, several experimental procedures were carried out to reveal the mechanical properties of an aluminum sheet under proportional and non-proportional loading. From the comparisons between experimental data and the corresponding calculated results by the proposed constitutive model, the performance of our model was evaluated. The evaluation of some springback analyses were also carried out. The calculated results show good agreements with the corresponding experimental data.

Abstract: A constitutive model is developed for shape memory alloys (SMAs) based on the concept that an SMA is a mixture composed of austenite and martensite. The deformation of the martensite is separated into elastic, thermal, reorientation and plastic parts, and that of the austenite is separated into elastic, thermal and plastic parts. The volume fraction of each phase is determined with the modified Tanaka’s transformation rule. The typical constitutive behavior of some SMAs, including pseudoelasticity, shape memory effect, plastic deformation as well as its effects, is analyzed.

Abstract: In this paper, a constitutive description of the true stress-strain behaviors of nano-twinned metals has been proposed. The size effects of nano-scale twin boundaries (TBs) and ultra-fine grain boundaries (GBs) are considered in the athermal stress. The evolution of the dislocation density with strain under the influence of strain rate and temperature is introduced in the thermal stress based on our previous meso-scale constitutive model. The new model can effectively describe the strength transition regime in nano-twinned metals. The proposed model’s predictions of true stress-strain relation curves for nano-twinned copper are compared with the experimental results of uniaxial tension tests for validation. The comparisons show that the previous models in literature for the dependence of initial yield strength on twin spacing cannot describe the experimental data correctly when the twin spacing tends to zero; however, the phenomenological model proposed in this paper for the twin spacing depending relation is theoretically rational and can well describe the experimental data in the whole range of twin spacing.

Abstract: PBX is known to exhibit highly nonlinear behaviors of deformation such as the Mullins effect of stress softening, hysteresis, residual strain, and frequency dependant responses. This paper proposes a phenomenological energy-based model for PBX considering the Mullins effect for isotropic, incompressible, hyperelastic, particle-filled materials. Uniaxial compressive loading and unloading tests at quasi-static states were undertaken in order to obtain the mechanical properties of the PBX simulants. The phenomenological energy-based model by Ogden-Roxburgh is, then, modified to make it consistent with the test result of PBX simulants in the case that the Mullins effect is dominant. Prediction with the new model shows a good correspondence to the experimental data demonstrating that the model properly describes the Mullins effect and the loading-unloading behavior of deformation.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the material behaviors of PBX(Polymer Bonded eXplosive) simulant at various strain rates ranging from 0.0001/sec to 3150/sec. Material behaviors of PBX at the high strain rates are important in the prediction of deformation modes of PBX in a warhead which undergoes severe impact loading. Inert PBX stimulant which has analogous material behaviors with PBX was utilized for material tests due to safety issues. Uniaxial compressive tests at quasi-static and intermediate strain rates were conducted with cylindrical specimen using a dynamic materials testing machine, INSTRON 8801. Uniaxial compressive tests at high strain rates ranging from 1200/sec to 3150/sec were conducted using a split Hopkinson pressure bar. Deformation behaviors were investigated using captured images obtained from a high-speed camera. The strain hardening behaviors of PBX simulant were formulated by proposed strain rate-dependent strain hardening model.

Abstract: SKYDEX material is an advanced lightweight porous medium consisting of layers of periodic twin-hemispherical microstructures made of thermoplastic polyurethane. This material is used widely in personnel and structural protection. This paper reports a combined experimental and numerical study on crushing behavior of such material. Compression tests were conducted on the SKYDEX panels at the strain rates of 0.01~10 s-1. A 3D finite element model was developed and validated against experimental data. Based on the FE model, the deformation mode of the microstructures, strength, energy absorption, as well as strain rate effect were predicted and analyzed. Additional simulations were conducted to establish the relationship between the peak strength coefficient and relative density. SKYDEX® material has been found to be a competitive energy absorber among cellular solids.

Abstract: A dislocation density based plasticity model is applied to two variants of steels. One is an austenitic (fcc) stainless steel with ordered precipitates and the other is a Ti-Nb microalloyed (bcc) steel. Precipitate distributions are measured and this information is combined with appropriate precipitate hardening models. The flow stress model is also calibrated for an nickel-based superalloy where it is combined with a model for precipitate growth.

Abstract: The dynamic response of the turbine blade materials is indispensable for analysis of erosions of turbine blades as a result of impulsive loading associated with gas flow. This paper is concerned with the dynamic hardening equation of the Nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 which is widely used in the high speed turbine blade. Reported representative dynamic hardening equations have been constructed and evaluated using the dynamic hardening characteristics of the Inconel 718. Dynamic hardening characteristics of the Inconel 718 have been obtained by uniaxial tensile tests and SHPB tests. Uniaxial tensile tests have been performed with the variation of the strain rate from 0.001/sec to 100/sec and SHPB tests have been conducted at the strain rate ranging up to 4000/sec. Several existing models have been constructed and evaluated for Johnson-Cook model, Zerilli-Armstrong model, Preston-Tonks-Wallace model, modified Johnson-Cook model, and modified Khan-Huang model using test results at various strain rate conditions. The most applicable equation for the Inconel 718 has been suggested by comparison of constructed results.

Abstract: Lightweight materials are getting more and more attraction towards their use in automobiles, planes, protective structures, electronics and supports for numerous benefits ranging from reduction in fuel consumption in vehicles to lighter and stronger in protective structures. For efficient use of materials in applications where they are subjected to unusual higher sudden loads and varying temperatures, it is necessary to know their accurate response under such conditions. Magnesium alloys due to low density, high specific strength, high specific stiffness and damping capacity have been in use for variety of structural and non-structural applications mainly in automotive and aerospace industries along with many other applications in defense, supports and electronics. In present study, the effect of temperature variation has been investigated for magnesium alloy AZ91D at high strain rates. The temperature is varied in the range between -30oC to 200oC at a strain rate of 103 s-1. Lower stresses and larger strains to peak compressive stresses are observed with increasing temperature. At higher strain rate, the effect of temperature on the alloy’s hardening behaviour is less significant