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The main results show that the manganese dioxide addition prior to sintering leads to the formation of single cubic phase, to the reduction of the maximum shrinkage temperature, and to an increase in the value of the total oxide ion conductivity.
However, there is no data concerning the influence of the addition of manganese oxide on the structure and properties of ScSZ.
Conclusions The nominal addition of 1.9 mol% of MnO2 prior to sintering at 1450 oC leads to i) single cubic phase, ii) the reduction of the maximum shrinkage temperature, and iii) an increase of the total electrical conductivity.

Application of Low-Strain Dynamic Detection to Concrete Piles Guodong Deng1,a, Jiasheng Zhang1,b, Weiqun Liang1,c, Fei Meng1,d and Xiong Shi1,e 1School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China acsudgd@163.com, bjszhang_csu@vip.163.com, cweiquncsu@163.com, dmengfei90@163.com, eshixiong126@126.com Keywords: Concrete; pile; low strain; detection Abstract: The concept and the testing method of dynamic pile testing and the rationale, preparation, data collection, and data processing of the low-strain reflection wave method are described.
In addition, some of the disadvantages inherent to low-strain detection and experiences related to the correlation between detection data and pile realities are discussed. 1 Introduction Pile foundations are the most commonly used foundations in highways, railroads, utilities, and buildings.
By examining the phase, amplitude, and frequency of the reflection waves, together with practical analysis, construction logs, and stratigraphic data, a fairly accurate judgment of the pile properties can be made.
Soil Variation Segregation Toe or Hollow Hole Pile Fracture Material Variation Diameter Reduction Diameter Increase Fig.1 Conditions of Concrete Pile Integrity Determined by Low-Strain Detection. 3.2 Pretest Preparation Information on pile foundations is analyzed before starting any pile test, which includes the data and process of pile formation, concrete strength, and pile length and diameter of the project.
Otherwise, distorted waves will be produced that prevent proper analysis and judgment of the pile foundations. 3.3 Field Data Collection 3.3.1 Selection of Vibration Source and Sensors One requirement for the reflection wave method is a vibration source.

The ring geometry parameters are important, by which the calibration curves are made according to percentage reduction in height (ΔH) and percentage change about the ring’s internal diameter (ΔD) before and after deformation.
Also, the known friction factor and reduction in height are represented in relative average pressure (Nave/σ0) graph.
The minimum inner diameter, contact area, height reduction, and average pressure were obtained before and after compression experiments.
To take the test at 1500°C and 1.1×10-4 s-1 as an example, the friction factors in height reduction of 37.2%, 55.3% and 63.7% are 0.36, 0.34 and 0.34 respectively.
The normal stress Nave at the interface can be measured from loading data of the compressive experiment.

The minimum clearance of the combustible building product from the flue specified by EN 15287-1 +A1 is 100 mm provided that the flue insulation has the minimum thickness 20 mm and thermal conductivity 0,04 W/(m.K) ( in the STN EN 15287-1 +A1 standard is incorrect data: 20 cm, 0,04 M2.K/W).
STN EN 15287-1 allows reduction of separation distances at one and a half diameter, but at least 200 mm in the case that it will be used noncombustible protection [11].
NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel-Burning Appliances (USA, is solved in more detail, depending on the type of reduction applied to and covering all combustibles surfaces.
A 90 mm thick masonry wall without ventilated air space should be used only as a wall protector with maximum allowable reduction clearance 33%, but minimum clearance is required 305 mm.
For protectors (e.g. 90 mm thick masonry wall, 0,61 mm 24-gauge sheet metal, 13 mm thick non-combustible insulation board or 25,4 mm glass fiber or mineral wool batts sandwiched between two sheets of 0,61 mm 24-gauge sheet metal) with ventilated air space, connector clearance shall be not less than 152 mm (66% of reduction) to combustible walls and not less than 229 mm (50% of reduction) to combustible ceilings [13].

Analyzing the Fig.3 was observed that there was a significant reduction in the diameter of the clay after disagglomeration for 4 and 8 hours and after decanting of the 24 hours.
Figure 3 – Granulometric analysis the sample A The desaglomeration wet proved to be very efficient in reducing the average diameter of particles in the fraction below 2.0 µm, however, to fraction below 0.20 µm which corresponds to 200nm, the data showed that there is a reduction significant after 4 and 8 hours of desaglomeration.
Figure 4 - Granulometric analysis the sample B Analyzing the Fig.4, the results showed that there was a reduction in the average diameter of particles, as well as an increase in accumulated fractions below 0.10 μm, 0.20 μm, 0.75 μm and 2.0 μm.
This reduction was observed for milling after 4 and 8 hours, and after decantation in their respective test tubes for 24 hours, where such a reduction became even greater with values of 1.57 and 1.85 μm respectively.
For the cumulative fraction below 2.0 μm, the reduction was significant, the sample initially had accumulated fraction of 12.86% after disagglomeration for 4 hours, and the cumulative fraction went to 16.43% and 65.43% after sedimentation sample tube.

Chitosan showed a substantial reduction in the healing time in several tested animals [5].
The positive control medium turbidity was already macroscopically observed at the third exposition day (data not shown) and all of the 5 vials at the end of ten exposition days.
The reduction in the ABS is probably due to crosslinking processes.
The reduction was associated to the more content of flavonoids in extract.
Reduction in elongation was a typical behavior of caseinate films after crosslinking with glutaraldehyde [15].

The suggested model was verified using the test data of 6 strengthened beams, and good agreement between experiment and prediction values is achieved.
Therefore, a reduction factor km is introduced to estimate the effective strain of the steel wire
(22) The reduction factor km for ultimate strain ewu can be determined by the following suggested equations: (23) To calculate the ultimate deflection Δu, some assumption needs to be made.
(24) (25) Verification of the Proposed Model All the above equations were verified by the data from the tested beams [5-6].

Recently, many studies on the weight reduction of automobile for fuel saving were underway.
Especially, researches on weight reduction of automobiles wherein strength of components and functional factors are satisfied while weight is decreased are very active.
Fig. 6 Fine blanked samples and shear surface from the experiments (clearance: 0.015mm) Fig. 7 Fine blanked samples and shear surface from the experiments (clearance: 0.1mm) Fig. 8 Fine blanked samples and shear surface from the experiments (clearance: 0.2mm) Fig. 9 Measurement results of bulging height on the inner corner shapes Fig. 9 shows the data of measured results.

Reduction of average crystallite size of dispersed maghemite particles was observed after encapsulation process.
The reduction of the magnetization is basically due to the present of the silica that causes an increase of total weight of the system.
The particle size distribution is between 1 and 9nm with an average diameter of 4.98nm (data not shown) Fig. 3(b) shows TEM micrograph (BF) for TF1.

The loss in the mutual information between X and Y caused by the (probabilistic) clustering X can be viewed as the average of this distortion measure: , , , , ( ) ( ) ( ; ) ( ; ) ( , , )log ( , , )log ( ) ( ) x x y x x y p x y p y x I X Y I X Y p x x y p x x y p x p y − = − ∑ ∑ (5) In order to find a clustering that causes minimum reduction of the mutual information between the objects and the features, we minimize the functional ( )min ( ; ) ( ; ) p x x I X Y I X Y− (6) In order to minimize the over all information loss caused by the clustering, classes are merged in every step such that the loss in the mutual information caused by merging them is the smallest.
After observing data x , the posterior probability of the cluster ic is 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) , 1,2,..., ( ) ( ) i i i K k k k p c p x c p c x i K p c p x c = = = ∑ (8) Where ( )ip x c is the probability of the data x given the cluster ic .
Schwarz [11] showed that for sufficiently largen , the number of observations, the best model is the one which maximize BIC: ( ) 2log ( )i BIC k p x c = (10) In order to find a clustering that causes minimum reduction of the mutual information between the objects and the features in information bottleneck method, we defined ( , ) ( ) 2log ( ) log ( , ) after i before I X Y BIC k p x c I X Y λ = + (11) The meaning of the above definition is that a good cluster model should as far as possible preserve the intrinsic mutual information.
The data set consists of more than two hours of various types of video sequences.