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Experimental Pure Ni (99.9%, purity) with a grain size of 20-60 µm has been chosen as the experimental material.
In some grains, two sets of extended dislocation boundaries were formed, with one set approximately parallel to the shear direction and the other roughly perpendicular to the shear direction.
The formation of one or two sets of extended boundaries seems to depend on the grain orientation.
The length of the S-bands is generally shorter than the grain diameter (20-60 µm).
The fraction of low angle boundaries is the number ratio of boundary with misorientation <3 o to the total boundary without separating GNBs and IDBs.

Figs. 3b and 3d show that the specimens consist of a large number of platelet grains/agglomerates, with interconnected open and closed pores.
The average dimensions of these grains are approximately 2 mμ.
These semicircles are usually attributed to the bulk and grain boundary contributions to the electrical resistivity at high and low frequencies, respectively.
In the case of this work, the impedance diagrams are attributed to the total resistivity including grains and internal surfaces like grain boundaries and porosity.
The numbers stand for the logarithm of the frequency (Hz).

The Ti-Nb-Zr and Ti-Nb-Ta alloys containing only biocompatible components, in which a reversible β↔a” transformation takes place, are in that number [2-4].
The subgrains and grains grow in the PDA range from 550 to 600°C (1 hr) in the same manner as after moderate strains (see Fig. 6b,c).
Number of cycles before failure during superelastic mechanocycling of Ti-21.8Nb-6Zr alloy after TMT with different regimes.
In severely deformed alloy subjected to post-deformation annealing, the amorphous structure crystallizes to become nanocrystalline, whose grains then coarsen, along with the nanosized grains resulted from strain-induced grain refinement.
However, an optimum nanostructure (NCS, NSS or their mixture) should be selected taking into account some other structural and technological factors, such as mechanical damage, formation of brittle second phase, excessively low or large grain/subgrain size, and so on.

The surface presents micron-size grains, with a diameter about 2μm, scattered on a rough background.
Those micrographs (Figure 2a and Figure 2b) also show that the grains were developed in a relatively order.
Fig. 2 a) SEM morphologies of area. b) timely SEM view of the grown grains.
This technique also only detects the presence of elements with an atomic number above carbon.
It was observed the the number of layers influence in relation to resistance.

Relations based on small number of values intended mainly for research activities, relations elaborated for observation of influence of various factors on concrete or results of measurements of ultrasonic pulse method are not taken into account.
Number of relations applicable for individual types of concrete is various.
The smallest number of relations there is for lightweight concrete with porous aggregate.
– CSN 731371[7] – Guide calibration relation (Test specimen: cube with a=200mm; Velocity of propagation of ultrasonic pulse in three-dimensional medium; number of specimens 300; various components and composition of concrete.)
– Almeida [2] (age of concrete 1-28 days; crushed aggregate (granite) with maximal grain size 25mm;) VÎ {4.25; 5.2 Km/s};fc Î {40.1; 120.3MPa} (9) – Pascale et al [11] (Age of concrete – not mentioned; crushed aggregate (Lime stone) with maximal grain size 15mm; Portland cement with high initial strength).

And the outputs are mechanical properties namely ultimate strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, plane strain fracture toughness and microstructure concerned parameters such as β phase fraction, β phase grain size, substructure length and thickness.
The neuron number x of the hidden layer is between 26 and 30.
The inputs are working temperatures, deformation extent, deformation rate and heat treatment conditions, and the outputs are ultimate strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, plane strain fracture toughness, βphase fraction, βphase grain size, substructure length and thickness.
Through conventional forging the fraction of phase is around 10% to 20%, and the βphase grains do not grow sharply.
When forged aboveβ-transus temperature i.e. forging, the alloy has relatively higher ultimate strength, yield strength and fracture toughness, but the plasticity and toughness reduces sharply and the phase grains trend to grow up.

It was found that under the deformation conditions (deformation temperature: 250~400 ˚C, strain rate: 0.01~10s-1, deformation amount: 70%) no crack was observed; At 450 ˚C and with a strain rate of 10s-1, crack occurred with the a critical deformation of 63%; at 480 ˚C and with a strain rate of 1s-1, a large number of cracks observed (Fig. 2).
The microstructure was in inhomogeneity after extrusion, second phase particles (the black material), high temperature phase and intermetallic compounds, etc, distributed mainly along the deformation bands or grain boundaries.
Deforming at 480 ˚C, many cracks appear in regions near the free surface and grain boundaries (the black areas in Fig. 4 (b)).
The higher the temperature, the more cracks appeared in thermal deformation, this was because alloys with low melting point in grain boundaries melted (irregular black materials as shown in Fig. 4(c)) at high temperature.
(a) 450˚C, 10s-1, 65% (b) 480˚C, 1s-1, 70% (c) melted material at grain boundaries Fig. 4.

With the aid of image processing toolbox of soil image analysis and processing, the soil grain size distribution and its inclination angle can be got.
Gray Input rock image Image enhancement Binarization Analytical result Edge detection Filtering image Filling image Fig.1 Image processing flow 2.2 Measuring principle and placement of the camera Digital image is composed of many pixels, each pixel represents a certain practical value area, and the actual area of value can be determined by the known reference area: S1=S2*T1/T2 (1) Where S1 for leaf-area, s2 for reference area, T1 for target image contains the total number of pixels, T2 for the reference image contains the total number of pixels, as illustrated Fig2.
Fig.10 Noise image Fig.11 Filtering image 3 Feature extraction In the study of landslide stability, the most important two parameters are rock grain size and the inclination angle.

When the sample extends to 1.6mm, transverse cracks go on enlarging and the lengthways crack disappears. keep on being drawn, the transverse cracks continue enlarge and new transverse cracks come into being continually,little powdery grains can be seen in the crack gaps.
When the sample a) Extends to 0.4mm b) Extends to 0.8mm c) Extends to 1.2mm d) Extends to 1.6mm e) Extends to 2.0mm f) Extends to 2.4mm g) Extends to 2.8mm h) Extends to 3.2mm I)Extends to 3.6mm(The sample fractures) Figure. 2 How the coating cracks in different stretch a)Low magnification b)high magnification Figure. 3 The fracture border extends to 2.8mm, lengthways crack appears again at the place where it disappeared before, the transverse cracks become longer and wider, the powdery grains number and size increases.
Some biger or smaller powdery grains can be seen near the fracture, some desquamate from substrate, some are connected with the substrate only by part, so the coating anti-pulverization ability is good, such as the Figure. 3.
The images show few cracked coating grains are separate from the substrate completely, namely anti-pulverization ability of the coating is good, such as figure 4(a).
The cracked coating grains would fracture to be smaller grains with the succedent drawing.

Serious damage may occur in some cases in the coarse grained heat affected zone (CGHAZ) due to the degradation of toughness [2].
Toughness in the HAZ is affected by various factors such as the peak temperature and the cooling rate during weld thermal cycle and the number of tempering thermal cycles.
As illustrated in Fig. 1, these 4 sub-zones are: coarse grained HAZ (CGHAZ), fine grained HAZ (FGHAZ), inter-critical HAZ (ICHAZ) and sub-critical HAZ (SCHAZ).
All techniques are similar in the goal of tempering the coarse grained HAZ in the parent metal.
The output O(xi) of the network is thus (2) where n is the number of neurons in the hidden layer, cj is the center vector for neuron j, and wj are the weights of the linear output neuron.