Search results

Open marks are used when the fatigue crack is initiated at carbides at the surface of the specimen and closed marks indicate data of specimens where the crack is initiated at carbides in the interior.
Or with other words, considering a fracture mechanics model, this effect is equivalent to a reduction of fatigue threshold due to the aggressive environment.
Figure 11: Construction of component fatigue curve (schematic) [4] Extended measures to increase the VHCF-lifetime of components - for example by reduction of internal inclusions or material defects - may not have the expected effect, if possible surface failures – for example due to surface machining effects – are not improved in parallel.
In these cases, for example at internal pressure loaded components, the specimen testing fill up the missing information in the VHCF-area concerning failure modes and reduction of lifetime at components.

The ensuing effects include drag reduction, lift enhancement, mixing augmentation and flow-induced noise reduction.
Comparison of the power curves of turbines with variable length blades and blades fixed length Experimentally obtained data proved the theoretical assumptions and calculations.
Also, the operation of AFC devices has some potential secondary benefits: devices may be deployed to increase lift of the blade at low wind speeds, allowing the turbine to cut-in earlier and capture additional energy; active devices could aid in energy capture and load mitigation on turbines that experience high array effects; devices could be used to prevent tower strikes, allowing for larger diameter rotors to be used and thereby increasing energy capture; aerodynamic performance enhancement and noise reduction could be realized by maintaining laminar flow over the blade.

The copper-type and the brass-type textures, represented by the (111) pole figures Copper rolled to 96% reduction (a) and brass (with 30% zinc) rolled to 95% reduction (b) - data from Hu et al. [11].
The reduction of Copper (Cu) component is known to be caused by mechanical twinning and responds to the formation of the brass-type texture [13].

Besides the general benefits to the reduction of CO2 emissions by shifting flows from road to rail, the dry port mainly offers seaports a possibility to increase the throughput without physical expansion as well as better services to shippers and transport operators.
The effects are travel-related benefits, time-related benefits, reduced CO2 emissions, reduced NOx emissions, and a reduction in the number of traffic accidents.
These are attributable to a reduction in the number of vehicles used for transporting freight and a greater speed of travel on the roads.
Kim and B.Van Wee in: Assessment of CO2 Emissions for Truck-Only and Rail-Based Intermodal Freight Systems in Europe: Data Needs, Methodology, and Research Framework.

The final conclusion of their study found that a saddle radius which is 1-2 % larger in comparison of the vessel leads to a 50% reduction in the induced stresses and 5-10% overhanging part of the vessel leads to 25–40 % reduction.
This analysis provides a theoretical basis data support for further optimization of saddle support design.
Ongand G.Lu: Stress reduction factor associated with saddle support with extended topplate, Int.

Comparison of Weight By varying all design parameters such as power transmission, gear thickness, number of teeth on pinion and gear module, SFHM performs well and shows a huge reduction in gear drive volume.
For specified spur drive problem, around 36.2% reduction of gear volume in comparison with the trial design method.
In this work, a gear drive design was taken with two different objectives and results were obtained by SFHM shows considerable reduction in gear drive volume in compared with trail method.
[10] Design Data Book, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, PSG College of Technology, India, 2008.

(MTT) [3] is based on the reduction of yellow, water-soluble 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2il)-2,5-difeniltetrazolium bromide (MTT) into dark-blue, water-insoluble formazan.
The reduction is produced by a mithocondrial enzyme (succinat dehidrogenase) the amount of formazan generated is directly proportional to the number of viable cells.
Absorbance values that are lower than the control cells indicate a reduction in the cell activity and viability.
Table 1 Cell proliferation results Time Average optical density Viability (%) 0 0,245 100 1h 0,24 97.8 2h 0,236 96.33 3h 0,214 87.35 24 0,0866 35.4 The data from Table 1 indicate a small decrease in cell activity after 1 hour and after 2 hours, the viability being 97.8 and 96.33 respectively.

Assuming that all the plastic work in rolling is transformed into heat, the generated heat energy of the ARB specimen can be expressed as[10] (1) Where, is the reduction in area the ARB specimen; is the mean flow stress; v is the rolling speed; is the rolling time; is the constant, it is (2) Where, is the reduction of the thickness of the ARB specimen.
In Fig.1, the experiment values are the experiment data of the reference[12].
The reduction was 50% every cycle.

Hereafter, the present work will present data analysis according to different classification approaches.
Table 1 shows the statistics of the GSHP testing operation data per unit area, including the increased investment, the energy-saving per year, the CO2 discharge reduction and the operating cost saving per year.
Table 1 Statistics of the GSHP testing operation data per unit area Technical type Increased investment [RMB/m2] Energy-saving [kg-ce/m2/Year] CO2 discharge reduction[kg/m2/Year] Operating cost saving [kg/m2/Year] Ground-source heat pump system 162.7 8.7 21.7 10.1 Fig. 3 Key evaluation parameters of GSHP per unit area From Figure 3 one can notice that project 57 and 62 shows the highest energy-saving capability, say, they can save more than 25 kg-ce/m2/year.
Make use of computing, network, database and data dealing technology to collect operating data realtimely and deal-with the data scientifically.
The work presents many average evaluation data based on unit area, including the increased investment, the energy-saving, the CO2 displacement reduction and the saving of annual operation consumption.

In direct tooling the pattern or mould is made directly from CAD data and used for actual production of the parts where as in indirect tooling patterns are made from CAD data and are used as master pattern to produce moulds through which actual production of the parts is obtained like in silicone rubber moulding and epoxy resin moulding etc.
In [7] the authors further automated the RT process by avoiding preparation of CAD model, instead of preparing CAD model they have used direct 3D digitizing which a reverse engineering(RE) method and obtained point cloud data.
This point cloud data was used directly to prepare RP tool and also they analyzed RP tool for by finite element analysis (FEA), to assure the metrological accuracy of tooling geometry and optimization of foundry process parameters.
The benefits of the FDM direct tools are : · No intermediate process required (like SLA patterns in case of silicone rubber moulding or RP patterns for producing metal tools) and tools can be made directly from CAD data
Based upon this data both the processes were compared.