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Online since: January 2014
Authors: Ehsan Rohani, Gwan Choi, Mi Lu, Jing Wei Xu
Introduction
MIMO systems are known for their ability to provide higher data rate in a given channel.
We assume that the elements of H are constants during the transmission of a block of data (block fading).
The rate of LDPC coding is ½ and the decoded data rate is 240 Mbps.
The PER shall be less than 10%, for a physical layer service data unit of 4096 octets.
This technique makes sure that we do not lose any data during the transition period.
We assume that the elements of H are constants during the transmission of a block of data (block fading).
The rate of LDPC coding is ½ and the decoded data rate is 240 Mbps.
The PER shall be less than 10%, for a physical layer service data unit of 4096 octets.
This technique makes sure that we do not lose any data during the transition period.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Sorin Gabriel Vernica, Aneta Hazi, Gheorghe Hazi
Starting from the scheme for framing the measurement devices, we have developed a measurement procedure of the experimental data.
For experimental data processing is applied the effectiveness - number of transfer unit method.
Based on these experimental data we establish correlations between the recovery boiler effectiveness and the gas turbine plant characteristics.
This is due of increasing the power produced up to 500 MW per group, increasing the efficiency in cogeneration up to 60 %, reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from burning the natural gas as opposed to coal or oil and thus a reduction in environmental pollution effects.
Conclusions From the presented data results the following: we have developed a measurement and processing procedure of the experimental data, by establishing the thermal scheme of framing the measurement devices and by establishing a processing mathematical procedure of these data; the increase of the combustion gas temperature at the gas turbine inlet, with 40, [ºC], leads to an improvement of the recovery boiler effectiveness with 2.1 [%]; The same percent of increase the recovery boiler effectiveness is obtain at a modification of the number of heat transfer units, with 0.402.
For experimental data processing is applied the effectiveness - number of transfer unit method.
Based on these experimental data we establish correlations between the recovery boiler effectiveness and the gas turbine plant characteristics.
This is due of increasing the power produced up to 500 MW per group, increasing the efficiency in cogeneration up to 60 %, reducing the carbon dioxide emissions from burning the natural gas as opposed to coal or oil and thus a reduction in environmental pollution effects.
Conclusions From the presented data results the following: we have developed a measurement and processing procedure of the experimental data, by establishing the thermal scheme of framing the measurement devices and by establishing a processing mathematical procedure of these data; the increase of the combustion gas temperature at the gas turbine inlet, with 40, [ºC], leads to an improvement of the recovery boiler effectiveness with 2.1 [%]; The same percent of increase the recovery boiler effectiveness is obtain at a modification of the number of heat transfer units, with 0.402.
Online since: February 2011
Authors: S.M. Sapuan, E.S. Zainudin, A.M. Fairuz
Material and structure being an important element in term safety, weight reduction, stability, reliability, and cost reduction.
In both system, all data of the material were processed and stored in the database system.
Spainhour [11] describe the development of a conceptual data model for composite materials data.
Polymeric Based Material Composite Selection for Fibreglass Boat Components Process In material selection system, data properties of candidate material either quantitative value or qualitative value are stored in data spreadsheet.
The data properties of material were collect from handbook [16], supplier and group discussion and then compile and stored in data spreadsheet.
In both system, all data of the material were processed and stored in the database system.
Spainhour [11] describe the development of a conceptual data model for composite materials data.
Polymeric Based Material Composite Selection for Fibreglass Boat Components Process In material selection system, data properties of candidate material either quantitative value or qualitative value are stored in data spreadsheet.
The data properties of material were collect from handbook [16], supplier and group discussion and then compile and stored in data spreadsheet.
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Octavio Covarrubias
Ring-rolling procedures are optimal option for the manufacture of seamless rings, having important benefits as increase of material resistance and reduction of input weight.
Use of contoured shapes simplifies and improves manufacturing processes by reduction of machining touch times and in some cases, elimination of welding operations. [4].
Observed reduction of area presents a similar behavior for rings segments, since higher values for this tensile property are reported for samples exposed to condition HT1.
Reduction of area property at 704°C is reduced as rings segments are exposed to conditions HT2 and HT3.
ATI 718 Plus® Alloy Data Sourcebook, Version 1.1, Allegheny Technologies Company, 2010, USA. 2.
Use of contoured shapes simplifies and improves manufacturing processes by reduction of machining touch times and in some cases, elimination of welding operations. [4].
Observed reduction of area presents a similar behavior for rings segments, since higher values for this tensile property are reported for samples exposed to condition HT1.
Reduction of area property at 704°C is reduced as rings segments are exposed to conditions HT2 and HT3.
ATI 718 Plus® Alloy Data Sourcebook, Version 1.1, Allegheny Technologies Company, 2010, USA. 2.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Zhuo Chen, Bin Luo, Chen Yu Huang
Brown and et al. (2013) [10] pointed out that changes in electricity price were positively associated with changes in expenditures per response and changes in salaries by Australian data.
It mainly includes consumer price index (CPI) and targets of energy conservation and emission reduction.
The energy conservation and emission reduction refer to energy saving and reduction of pollutants emission.
electricity consumption → + grid capacity → + effective asset → + permitted return on investment income → + permitted income → + average distribution price of electricity → + average electricity sales price → + average residential target electricity price → +average REP average REP → - per capita residential electricity consumption → + residential electricity consumption → + total electricity consumption → + grid capacity → + effective asset → + depreciation cost → + permitted cost → + permitted income → + average distribution price of electricity → + average electricity sales price → + average residential target electricity price → + average REP Summary The key factors affecting Chinese REPP include residential economic affordability, residential mental capacity, average electricity purchasing price, unit average electricity price of transmission and distribution, unit average losses of transmission and distribution, government funds, CPI and targets of energy conservation and emission reduction
It mainly includes consumer price index (CPI) and targets of energy conservation and emission reduction.
The energy conservation and emission reduction refer to energy saving and reduction of pollutants emission.
electricity consumption → + grid capacity → + effective asset → + permitted return on investment income → + permitted income → + average distribution price of electricity → + average electricity sales price → + average residential target electricity price → +average REP average REP → - per capita residential electricity consumption → + residential electricity consumption → + total electricity consumption → + grid capacity → + effective asset → + depreciation cost → + permitted cost → + permitted income → + average distribution price of electricity → + average electricity sales price → + average residential target electricity price → + average REP Summary The key factors affecting Chinese REPP include residential economic affordability, residential mental capacity, average electricity purchasing price, unit average electricity price of transmission and distribution, unit average losses of transmission and distribution, government funds, CPI and targets of energy conservation and emission reduction
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Zhen Jing
In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was signed up by many developed and developing countries, in which reduction of GHG emission provisions had been enacted, however, no specific compensation for protecting forest and avoiding deforestation mentioned.
For an avoided deforestation offset to have real value, it must generate emission reductions which are additional to those which would have occurred in absence of the project.
It will be necessary in each case to examine whether and how the legal framework for land clearing and deforestation data analysis.
Many of the early REDD projects have used the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards (CCB) to measure the carbon emission reductions, but also the biodiversity and community benefits that arise when deforestation is avoided.
Permanence refers to the extent to which a carbon sequestration project is able to achieve an absolute and irreversible reduction in the volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
For an avoided deforestation offset to have real value, it must generate emission reductions which are additional to those which would have occurred in absence of the project.
It will be necessary in each case to examine whether and how the legal framework for land clearing and deforestation data analysis.
Many of the early REDD projects have used the Climate, Community and Biodiversity Standards (CCB) to measure the carbon emission reductions, but also the biodiversity and community benefits that arise when deforestation is avoided.
Permanence refers to the extent to which a carbon sequestration project is able to achieve an absolute and irreversible reduction in the volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Hong Lin, Yu Yue Chen, Ting Ting Zhou
The percentage reduction was determined as follows:
Reduction in cfu (%) =×100% (1)
where, A and B are the bacterial colonies of the original polyester fabrics and the nano silver antibacterial polyester fabrics, respectively.
Table 2 Antibacterial test results against S. aureus and E. coli after different washing cycles Washing cycles S. aureusa E. colib Surviving cells (cfu/mL) Reduction (%) Surviving cells (cfu/mL) Reduction (%) 0 7.60×103 99.42 1.20×104 99.27 10 8.30×103 99.37 1.25×105 99.24 20 1.12×104 99.15 1.59×104 99.03 50 2.09×104 98.40 2.76×104 98.32 aSurviving cells of untreated polyester fabrics was 1.31×106cfu/mL; bSurviving cells of untreated polyester fabrics was 1.64×106cfu/mL.
Table 3 Whiteness and silver content of the treated polyester fabrics against different washing cycles Washing cycles ICP (mg/L) Whiteness 0 0.062706 97.85 10 0.056039 98.27 20 0.050266 98.86 50 0.044087 99.51 Table 2 and 3 show that the treated polyester fabrics had excellent antibacterial properties with 99.42% bacterial inhibition ratio against S. aureus and 99.27% bacterial inhibition ratio against E. coli, while the silver content on treated polyester was 0.062706mg/L.With the washing cycles increasing, the silver content of the fabrics decreased slightly, while the whiteness enhanced because more nano silver particles of certain color were washed off which were proved by the ICP data.
Table 2 Antibacterial test results against S. aureus and E. coli after different washing cycles Washing cycles S. aureusa E. colib Surviving cells (cfu/mL) Reduction (%) Surviving cells (cfu/mL) Reduction (%) 0 7.60×103 99.42 1.20×104 99.27 10 8.30×103 99.37 1.25×105 99.24 20 1.12×104 99.15 1.59×104 99.03 50 2.09×104 98.40 2.76×104 98.32 aSurviving cells of untreated polyester fabrics was 1.31×106cfu/mL; bSurviving cells of untreated polyester fabrics was 1.64×106cfu/mL.
Table 3 Whiteness and silver content of the treated polyester fabrics against different washing cycles Washing cycles ICP (mg/L) Whiteness 0 0.062706 97.85 10 0.056039 98.27 20 0.050266 98.86 50 0.044087 99.51 Table 2 and 3 show that the treated polyester fabrics had excellent antibacterial properties with 99.42% bacterial inhibition ratio against S. aureus and 99.27% bacterial inhibition ratio against E. coli, while the silver content on treated polyester was 0.062706mg/L.With the washing cycles increasing, the silver content of the fabrics decreased slightly, while the whiteness enhanced because more nano silver particles of certain color were washed off which were proved by the ICP data.
Online since: June 2010
Authors: Cheng Jia Shang, Cheng Liang Miao, Guo Dong Zhang
Therein, the design of reductions and pass
intervals are based on actual hot strip rolling of industrial pipeline steel.
Strain-stress data were recorded for all simulated tests, and mean flow stress (MFS) values were caculated [6] in the analysis for process 2.
According to DRX kinetic equations deduced in the last section, the critical strains for the onset of DRX were calculated in the case of 25% reduction at 960°C and strain rate of 3s-1, 0.06Nb and 0.1Nb steel need an accumulation strain of 0.34 and 0.45 respectviely.
However, by optimizing reduction rate (decreasing) at higher temperture rolling passes, as the relativey lower MFS and accumulation strain, the DRX can be restrained, and the highest final MFS of higher Nb content steel can be achived, as a consequence, homogeneous grain structure and high Sv will be obtained.
However, through reducing strain rate at high temperature and usage of large reduction rate in the low temperature range during strip rolling, the DRX for high Nb steel has to be restrained, and higher strain accumulation will be acquired.
Strain-stress data were recorded for all simulated tests, and mean flow stress (MFS) values were caculated [6] in the analysis for process 2.
According to DRX kinetic equations deduced in the last section, the critical strains for the onset of DRX were calculated in the case of 25% reduction at 960°C and strain rate of 3s-1, 0.06Nb and 0.1Nb steel need an accumulation strain of 0.34 and 0.45 respectviely.
However, by optimizing reduction rate (decreasing) at higher temperture rolling passes, as the relativey lower MFS and accumulation strain, the DRX can be restrained, and the highest final MFS of higher Nb content steel can be achived, as a consequence, homogeneous grain structure and high Sv will be obtained.
However, through reducing strain rate at high temperature and usage of large reduction rate in the low temperature range during strip rolling, the DRX for high Nb steel has to be restrained, and higher strain accumulation will be acquired.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Li Mei Bai, Bo Liu, Xiao Liang Zhang, Yu Xin Ma, Yu Hao
Through the data access and the exploration of the test to confirm the roasting time, the roasting temperature, the dosage of deoxidizer as the main factors of magnetizing roasting; Grinding fineness, magnetic field intensity as the main factors of low intensity magnetic separation[8-9].
Fig. 2 The influence of coal content on the grade and recovery Fig. 1 Flow sheet of magnetic roasting- magnetic separation According to Fig.2, under the temperature of 800℃, with the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal, the magnetic concentrate’s grade of the baked ore rises constantly after the first reduction. in the condition of the mass percent of the coal is 9%, the Minimum of the total iron’s grade is 58.17%, in the condition of the pulverized coal’s content is 12%, it reaches to the maximum that is 63.42%.With the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal, the magnetic concentrate’s recovery of the baked ore also rises constantly after the first reduction, in the condition of the mass percent of coal is 9%, the recovery reaches minimum and then rises constantly in the condition of the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal.
But the reduction reaction is very slow, After 75 min’s reaction , the hematite can’t totally transformed into magnetite; and the Fe3O4 which formed at low temperature has a weakly magnetic, so when the temperature is lower than 800℃, the recovery can increase as the increasing of the temperature, At last , 800℃ is chosen as the best temperature.
Testing Investigation on the Reduction/Magnetic Separation of Oxide Ore from Bayan Obo[J], Journal Of Northeastern University(Natural Science) , Vol.31(2010),P.886-889
Fig. 2 The influence of coal content on the grade and recovery Fig. 1 Flow sheet of magnetic roasting- magnetic separation According to Fig.2, under the temperature of 800℃, with the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal, the magnetic concentrate’s grade of the baked ore rises constantly after the first reduction. in the condition of the mass percent of the coal is 9%, the Minimum of the total iron’s grade is 58.17%, in the condition of the pulverized coal’s content is 12%, it reaches to the maximum that is 63.42%.With the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal, the magnetic concentrate’s recovery of the baked ore also rises constantly after the first reduction, in the condition of the mass percent of coal is 9%, the recovery reaches minimum and then rises constantly in the condition of the increasing dosage of the pulverized coal.
But the reduction reaction is very slow, After 75 min’s reaction , the hematite can’t totally transformed into magnetite; and the Fe3O4 which formed at low temperature has a weakly magnetic, so when the temperature is lower than 800℃, the recovery can increase as the increasing of the temperature, At last , 800℃ is chosen as the best temperature.
Testing Investigation on the Reduction/Magnetic Separation of Oxide Ore from Bayan Obo[J], Journal Of Northeastern University(Natural Science) , Vol.31(2010),P.886-889
Online since: March 2025
Authors: Takehiko Makino, Kazuhiko Kitamura, Masanori Nawa
Thus, in most machines some sensors will be installed to use big data for efficient manufactures as well as maintain itself.
Finally, the reduction in thickness R is calculated by the following equation (1), where R is the reduction in thickness, Do is the outside diameter of the initial workpiece, Di is the inside diameter of the initial workpiece, do is the outside diameter of the ironed workpiece, and di is the inside diameter of the ironed workpiece.
Fig. 5 Observation of ball surface after ironing of stainless-steel tube Reduction in load.
The machine dimples never indicate the load reduction.
Finally, the reduction in thickness R is calculated by the following equation (1), where R is the reduction in thickness, Do is the outside diameter of the initial workpiece, Di is the inside diameter of the initial workpiece, do is the outside diameter of the ironed workpiece, and di is the inside diameter of the ironed workpiece.
Fig. 5 Observation of ball surface after ironing of stainless-steel tube Reduction in load.
The machine dimples never indicate the load reduction.