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All the data obtained were compared with similar parameters for the basic alloy VK8 (Co-Mo), on the basis of which the experimental grades were developed.
The proposed by authors of [4] partial substitution of cobalt in the binders by other metals implies a reduction in the cost of HA without reducing cutting and operational characteristics, and in some cases, improving individual properties of EHA in comparison with the base alloy VK8.
Current environmental and economic requirements for the metal cutting processes imply a reduction or complete abandonment of the use of lubricating cooling liquids, which leads to an intensification of the wearing of cutting edges.
Each experiment was carried out five times, followed by statistical processing of experimental data.

In Figure 1(a), SM 520 represented the reduction of yield strength was more rapid than others.
In figure 1(b), Eurocode 3 showed a lower reduction rate than data from SM 520, SM 570.
(3) SM 520 showed a slightly rapid reduction of yield strength than that of Eurocode 3.

They anticipated nitrite/nitrate reduction of anammox bacteria, and enhanced the anammox process.
All the added acetate was consumed in R2 during this period (Data not shown).
Nitrate reduction must take place based on this phenomenon.
It could be oxidized to CO2 with nitrite or nitrate, and part of the nitrite or nitrate was converted to ammonium through dissimilary reduction.

What’s more, the amount of dislocation boundaries resulted from the accumulation of the rolling reduction[6].
As-annealed commercial pure titanium was cold rolled multi-pass by two-roll rolling machine, and the accumulated reductions was 25%.
The changes of crystal orientation, grain size and morphology, and the misorientation distribution fraction (excluded data of less than 2°) were obtained before and after cold rolling.
Fig.4 The distribution of ASB at the reduction of 25% after impact; a) as-annealed, b) as-cold rolled Fig. 5 The microstructure of matrix zone in titanium after impact; a) as-annealed b) as-cold rolled Fig. 6 The dynamic recrystallization in the center of ASB Conclusions 1) The adiabatic shear sensitivity in as-cold rolled plates is more larger than that in annealed state, which is attributed to the formation of dislocation boundaries. 2) The crystal orientation in as-annealed titanium reveals {0001} basal texture deviated from ideal position about 30°,while a strong ideal {0001} basal texture was formed in the cold rolled states. 3) Under the condition of the high speed compression at the stain rate of 3400/s, the ASB and dynamic recrystallization is the characteristic microstructure in as-annealed and as-cold rolled titanium.

From metallographic investigations and RFA data a classification of the slag into three types (Type E1, E2, E3) is possible.
The high amount of wuestite in the slag is supposed to be a result of an interrupted reduction process.
The iron reduction process is nearly finished.
K2O was introduced by charcoal which is used as reduction and heating source.

Moreover, in case of the tooth profile measurement on the horizontal cross-section plane, which is the top priority measurement item in this system, further reduction of the error factors can be achieved by fixing the test gear spindle that can be positioned in the vertical axis and defining point P as the origin of the coordinate system.
Therefore, error factors that may affect measurement data, such as thermal deformation and stress-caused deformation are not transmitted to each other.
A reduction unit consisting of precision gears is mounted in the middle of the main spindle mechanism.
An internal spur gear is used as the final step of the reduction unit of this angle indexing mechanism and this internal gear is concentrically connected to the main spindle.

The disorganized tissue benefits the elevation of transversal properties and the reduction of anisotropy and the reasonable distribution of mechanical properties.
In difficult-to-deform zone, there is almost no the zone of the kind from the angle of the whole reduction, contributing the overall improvement of the forgings tissue.
The reduction ratios were 20%.
Data statistics showed different effects of two forging methods.

(11) Experiments One of the TUAG merits is reduction of grinding force.
In Fig.3b), when the feed speed of workpiece is low, the ultrasonic vibration leads to a great reduction of normal grinding force.
workpiece Ultrasonic vibration fitting Workpiece clamping Grinding wheel Worktable Principal axis Computer Oscillograph Ultrasonic vibration clamping Ultrasonic generator Kistler dynamometry Charge amplifier Data collector Table 2 Design on the grinding experiment scheme for CG Grinding method CG, dry grinding Grinding wheel 140#stee, Metal bonded CBN grinding wheel, Density 100%, ø50[mm] Workpiece material 45# steel 20[mm]×15[mm]×5[mm] Grinding wheel velocity, vs vs=10.5[m/s] Grinding deep, ap ap=15[µm] Workpiece feed speed, vw vw=100, 350, 700, 1000, 1500, 1700, 2000[mm/min] 0 15 30 45 60 200 600 1000 1400 1800 Workpiece speed,vw (mm/min) CG TUAG Critical speed, vl Tangential grinding force, Ft(N/mm) 0 25 50 75 100 200 600 1000 1400 1800 (mm/min) Normal grinding force, Fn (N/mm) CG TUAG Critical speed, vl Workpiece speed, vw a) Influence of wv on tF b) Influence
Edge-chipping reduction in rotary ultrasonic machining of ceramics: Finite element analysis and experimental verification.

These observations are in line with the literature data [12].
The reduction in urea release shown in Figure 4 was obvious.
The reduction on reswelling capability was observed; however, the films still show good reswelling capability.
The hydrophobicity of lignin leads to reduction of entrapped urea release from the film in soil.

Figure1 Roll design and groove distribution Table 1 Pass schedule &experimentally determined rolling forces Pass No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pass shape box box box box box oval square oval Groove dimensions [mm] 100x82 100x66 67x80 67x59 66x52 80x34 40 58x20 Cross-section [mm2] 9850 8015 6474 5398 4032 3280 2286 1578 1075 Width [mm] 100 104 108 71 76 65 82,5 53,5 60,5 Initial height [mm] 100,0 82,0 108,0 80,0 76,0 52,0 82,5 40,0 Height after pass [mm] 82,0 66,0 80,0 59,0 52,0 34,0 51,0 20,5 Absolute draught [mm] 18,0 16,0 28,0 21,0 24,0 18,0 31,5 19,5 Absolute reduction [mm2] 1835 1541 1076 1366 752 994 708 503 Elongation coefficient 1,23 1,24 1,20 1,34 1,23 1,43 1,45 1,47 Working diameter [mm] 372,5 393,5 372,5 398,5 396,5 419,5 397,25 433 Length [m] 3 3,69 4,56 5,47 7,33 9,01 12,93 18,73 27,49 Projected length of arc of contact [mm] 57,84 56,10 72,08 64,68 68,97 61,44 79,10 64,97 Projected area of contact [mm2] 5900 5947 4938 4754 4276 4531 3461 3265 Rolling time [s] 1,58 1,74 2,26
Fig.5shows experimentally obtained diagram of A.A.Dinnik [4],deformation resistance of low carbon steel St3 for the reduction size 30% and different deformation speed.
For another reduction on the same diagram correction factor ais used.
Based on this data it is obvious that the rolling forces increment is about 15% for lowering initial rolling temperature from 1200°C to 1150°C and about 30% for lowering initial rolling temperature from 1200°C to 1100°C.