Search results

The average diameter of Au nanoparticles was estimated through the Scherrer formula according to XRD experimental data.
In addition, the deposition process are shown in the following redox equation: Oxidation reaction: Si＋2H2O→SiO2+4H++4e- Reduction reaction: Au3+＋3e-→Au It could be seen from the above equation, nano-Si acted as a reducing agent during preparing Au/Si-NPA sample.
And the previous component analysis showed that degree of oxidation for aged substrate was greater than that of fresh substrate [21].It indicated reduction capacity of fresh substrate was stronger than that of aged substrate.
Meanwhile, as the increase of deposition time and Au nanoparticles deposition quantity, Au nanoparticles gradually filled the gap between silicon columns, resulting in reduction of the number of reflected light, therefore, reduction of the absorption to the reflected light.

Based on the above data, it can be seen that our energy is limited and the utilization rate is low, so energy conservation is a must.
Predictive Analyses of Solar Air Conditioning Environmental Protection .People demand reduction of the greenhouse effect, i.e., reduction of such gas emissions as CFC, CO2, etc. that can cause elevated atmospheric temperatures (CO2 is typically emitted during coal burning).
Reduction of CFC emissions means reduction of greenhouse gases and protection of the ozone layer.

For theoretical studies of possible chemical reactions occurring above the melting point, the technique described in [15] was used, as well as the reference thermodynamic data given on the website [16].
Results and Discussion It is known from [17] that carbon dioxide in the arc area, at a temperature of 1800 oK, thermally dissociates into oxygen and carbon monoxide - CO (see reaction 1), and with increase of temperature its content increases: СО2 → СО + О2 (1) On the other hand, dissociation of the CO itself is possible according to reaction 2: 2СО → 2С + О2 (2) The carbon released during this reaction may be dissolved in the drops of the liquid metal, but, most likely; it will enter into chemical reactions of oxygen oxidation or reduction of existing oxides [18].
As it shown in Fig. 3, when using a CO reducing atmosphere to protect the metal being welded, the oxidation of microalloying elements is unlikely, since the formation of oxides will be impeded by active reduction reactions by carbon, what is confirmed by chemical analysis.
Change in isobaric-isothermal potential during the reduction of V and Nb oxides, depending on temperature.
Golubev, Oxidation-reduction potential of controlled atmospheres for welding of steels with special alloying systems, Polzunovskiy vestnik. 3 (2018) 134-138

It is possible to achieve good superplasticity under the above-mentioned conditions by making an additional reduction in the grain size of the material [1] with a thermomechanical treatment, involving large reductions during the cold rolling [4], by adding small amounts of some transition elements to the base Al-Mg-Mn alloy [4,5,6,7,8] or by forming processes such as ECAP, FSP and others [1,9-14].
The minor Sc or Sc+Zr additions to a commercial, slightly modified alloy subjected to a large rolling reductions [4], the ECAP process [6,7,10,24,26] or friction stir processing [14] exhibit excellent superplastic properties with a tensile ductility in the range 1000-2300% at high strain rates in the vicinity of 1x10-2s-1, when testing at temperatures lower than 400˚C.
The plates of alloys A and B were further processed in the same way by annealing for two hours at 475˚C, and cold rolled with a reduction of 80% to a final 1.9 mm thick sheet.
The m-value was changed at all strains with the strain rate, and the data demonstrate the bell-shaped curvature for the alloy A with a maximum m-value of 0.68.

It can cause a significant reduction in the compressive load-carrying capacity of a structure.
This model utilised experimental data obtained from [16-18], which is presented in Figure 2 below.
The slope of displacement indicates there is a significant reduction in the transverse velocity at the back face, which is further discussed below.
Significant reduction in interfacial delamination was observed in the Polyurea model.
Noticeable reductions in the transverse back face velocity of the composite panel were also observed for the elastomer-enhanced panel.

Fig.1 Flat triangle-arc triangle-round pass system Fig.2 Finished pass Advantages of flat triangle-arc triangle-round pass system is that there is a large reduction and extension coefficient in flat triangular pass, thus the shape of rolling can be effectively changed at roughing stage.
Table 1 Parameter of the pass Form factor Theoretical width Reduction rate% Extension coefficient Fill factor Flat triangle 0.75 130 10.5 1.13 0.86 Arc triangle 0.6675 86.6 3.75 1.06 0.9 Round 1.732 73.61 1.76 1.03 0.995 Hot rolling numerical simulation Finite element model Magnesium alloy exhibit special structural features during hot rolling compared with other hot-rolled materials vary greatly, it is necessary to simulation its hot rolling process using finite element method.
As shown, the largest position of rolling reduction P1 in rolling, but also the position of maximum stress, etc, is 80.2MPa, less than the ultimate strength of 150MPa [10], it can remain stable deformation rolling.
The reduction of flat triangle pass is largest so that flat triangle pass has maximum rolling force, and the maximum rolling force is 94.8kN.
(3) According to process requirements, air treatment performed after rolling mill Analysis (1) Rolling force To combine actual data and simulation results, the comparative analysis between rolling force simulation and measured values of flat triangle-arc triangle-round pass at stable rolling stage is obtained, see Figure 6.

Introduction A very high increase in the use of composites in aircraft, road vehicles, trains and ships due to the weight reductions that can be achieved and as a resultant fuel reduction and low emission.
The weight reduction achievable with composites makes the composites as enabling applications which would not be performed with metals.
Table 2 The E glass fibre mechanical properties used in FEM calculation Property Value[MPa] Ultimate tensile strength, σut 67 Ultimate compressive strength, σuc 109.5 Ultimate flexural strength, σuf 138.4 Ultimate in-plane shear strength, τu 58 In-plane modulus, E 4500 In-plane shear modulus, G 2665 Ship deck hull FEM analysis Further a static structural FEM analysis was done using Ansys [12] software package, to investigate if some weight reduction can be gained or if the rule based dimensioning is fulfilling the criteria regarding deck deflection.
[12] Ansys, Workbench v15 Engineering Data Sources.

For each test condition, two specimens were prepared, and the data discussed in the following are the average of the two specimens.
It can be observed that the stress rupture lifetime and stress rupture ductility arrived at the peak value when B content was 0.015%, i.e. lifetime of 142 h, the ductility of 7.2% and the area reduction of 16.4%.
When B content was 0.005%, the stress rupture lifetime was about 5 h, the ductility and the area reduction were 3.8% and 1.4% respectively, which were the lowest among the three boron content alloys.
The stress rupture lifetime, the ductility and the area reduction of the alloy with 0.03% B were 85 h, 5.7% and 3.9%, respectively, which were in the middle.
Fig. 3 Effect of B on the transverse stress rupture properties (lifetime ,τ, ductility,δ, and area reduction,Ψ) of the present superalloy under 870°C/380MPa condition. 0.5mm a b c 0.5mm 0.5mm 200mm 100mm 200mm d e f transgranular intergranular SEM images for the specimens tested under the condition of 870°C /380MPa are shown in Fig. 4.

Currently, this effect will be compensated with help of: · Mechanical energy storages (electrically coupled flywheel) · Electrical energy storages (array of capacitors) [8] Both types of energy storage systems are cost-intensive, but allow buffering of electric energy and thus a reduction of power peaks in the electricity grid.
The angle of the eccentric shaft, the rotational speed of the primary and secondary motor and the required ram kinematic are the input data of the control.
The integrated PID controller generates a torque-signal for the secondary motor that corresponds to the required reduction of the control deviation.
The required flywheel, the planetary gear, the reduction gearings and the clutch-break combination are integrated in one housing to reach a compact design.
A reduction gearing at the output of the superimposed gearbox reduce the rotational speed of the eccentric shaft and the torque at the gearbox components.

Table1 Calculation result of Plus Calcium Oxide Grade, Minus Calcium Oxide Grade of iron ore[%] Name TFe SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 TFe-CaO Relative increase TFe+CaO Relative increase A ore 50.0 11.0 14.3 — — 58.34 16.68 51.12 2.24 B ore 53.0 19.0 2.5 — — 54.36 2.57 44.76 -15.55 Meishan (rich) 59.35 2.50 1.99 0.93 0.71 60.56 2.04 58.90 -0.76 Hainan Island 55.90 16.20 0.26 0.08 0.95 56.05 0.27 47.55 -14.94 Handan 42.59 19.03 9.58 5.55 0.47 47.10 10.59 38.25 -10.19 Ma’anshan Aoshan Ore 43.19 14.12 9.30 47.62 10.26 40.66 -5.86 Baotou (hematite) 52.30 4.81 8.78 0.99 0.22 57.33 9.62 54.19 3.61 Average 50.90 — — — — 54.48 7.03 47.92 -5.85 The calculation result above shows that all the minus grades increased at an average increase of 3.58 grades and average relative increase of 7.03 percentage points while some of the Plus Calcium Oxide Grades increased and some reduced at an average reduction of 2.98 grades and average relative increase of -5.85 percentage points.
Table2 Calculation of Plus Calcium Oxide Grade of Sinter [%] Sinter TFe SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 R2 TFe-CaO Relative increase TFe+CaO Relative increase Benchmark 58.3 4.60 8.06 2.02 1.73 1.75 63.41 8.8 60.10 3.1 S-1 60.24 4.57 4.89 2.07 1.24 1.07 63.34 5.1 60.16 -0.1 S-2 60.11 4.65 6.03 2.12 1.26 1.30 63.97 6.4 60.67 0.9 S-3 59.56 4.48 6.31 2.10 1.22 1.41 63.57 6.7 60.39 1.4 S-4 59.31 4.48 6.88 2.08 1.20 1.54 63.69 7.4 60.49 2.0 S-5 58.88 4.50 7.33 2.05 1.18 1.63 63.21 7.4 60.32 2.4 S-6 58.62 4.52 7.91 2.13 1.22 1.75 63.66 8.6 60.39 3.0 S-7 58.56 4.53 8.10 2.13 1.22 1.79 63.72 8.8 60.44 3.2 S-8 58.32 4.46 8.42 2.12 1.22 1.89 63.68 9.2 60.44 3.6 S-9 57.74 4.52 9.19 2.14 1.24 2.03 63.58 10.1 60.28 4.4 Table 2 shows the experiment sinter data of 4.5% at 4.5% when sintered from Meishan concentrate alone.
Table3 Calculation of Plus Calcium Oxide Grade of pellet [%] Name TFe SiO2 CaO MgO Al2O3 TFe-CaO Relative increase TFe+CaO Relative increase Australian pellet 63.86 5.28 0.85 0.12 2.75 64.21 0.55 60.65 -4.73 Ukrainian pellet 64.81 5.22 0.26 — 0.81 64.98 0.26 61.44 -520 Swede pellet 67.16 2.32 0.56 — 0.18 67.54 0.57 65.85 -1.95 08-3 pellet 64.37 8.06 0.34 — — 64.59 0.34 59.31 -7.86 07 uniform pellet 63.29 8.94 0.42 — — 63.56 0.43 57.84 -8.61 In Table 3 above, the benchmark grades of the 5 pellets range from 63.29 to 67.16 and averaged 64.70, their Minus Calcium Oxide Grades averaged 64.98 and the relative increase averaged 0.43, showing there is little variation in theMinus Calcium Oxide Grade; while their Plus Calcium Oxide Grades averaged 61.02, relative increase averaged -5.67, showing there is large reduction of the Plus Calcium Oxide Grade, especially the 2007 uniform pellet, whose Plus Calcium Oxide Grade is only 57.84, a reduction of 8.61%.
As a lot of SiO2 is added to pellet, its smelting value largely reduced, which is consistent with the large reduction of its Plus Calcium Oxide Grade.