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The application of magnetic field during the solidification process of metal has demonstrated that magnetic field can effectively refine grain structure and may optimize the distribution of the alloying elements [1-5].
A number of studies have indicated that magnetic field can not only control physical and chemical reactions of materials as a whole, but also impact and adjust microscopic electronic state of motion within material.
Fig. 2 Microstructure of Fe-X alloys treated by a static magnetic field, Fe-S at 0.64T (a) and 0.80T (b), Fe-Si at 0.64T(c), and Fe-Mn at 0.64T (d) The distribution changes of the three elements occur under the magnetic field can be described with the following theory: (1) Convection within the melt under magnetic field is suppressed, thereby the opportunity of dendrite arm melting and the nuclei involvement in the liquid reduced, and thus the growing number of isometric crystal during solidification reduced.
Under the action of the pulsed magnetic field, dramatic movement of liquid metal cause the shedding and free of solidified grain from the wall, and thus the number of nuclei of liquid metal increased, which in turn causes the liquid metal solidification tendency, liquid metal flow reduction, preferential growth inhabitation, and thus reduction in elements mobility; also due to the broken dendrites, the aggregation of impurity elements is inhabited simultaneously with grain refinement, which leads to uniform distribution of incidental elements.

There are number of important advantages in using the F.E.M. in slope stability analysis over the conventional limit equilibrium methods in analyzing the stability of slopes [3].
The basic idea of this method is replacing the continuum having an unlimited or infinite number of unknowns by a mathematical model which has a limited or finite number of unknowns at certain chosen discrete points called the "nodes".
Disruptions to the particulate structure generated by these collapses cause transfer of load grain-to-grain contacts in the pore water.
If the pore water pressure rises to a level approaching the overburden pressure grain-to-grain contact stresses approach zero and the granular layer temporarily behaves as a viscous liquid rather than as a solid and liquefaction has occurred [9].
Deposits most susceptible to liquefaction .sands and silts of similar grain size (well-sorted), in beds at least meters thick, and saturated with water.

However, increasing the solution temperature will promote recrystallization, resulting in grain growth and the degradation of the alloy properties [9, 10].
If the solution temperature continues to be raised, the residual crystalline phase with a low melting point of grain boundary would dissolve and overburn.
That would lead to the decrease of grain boundary strength and the fracture of grain boundary in advance during deformation, resulting in the sharp deterioration of alloy properties [11].
Higher temperatures can lead to the growth of recrystallized grains and worse performance after aging.
As shown in Fig. 3(a), a large number of relatively large size phases distributed in ribbons along the direction of extrusion.

XRD, FESEM and EDS for A1 sample showed that at the area nearby the ceramic matrix there were a number of Al2O3 inclusions in the form of isolated black particles besides fine TiB2 platelets and irregular TiC grains, as shown in Figure 3 (b).
Meanwhile, there were some fine TiB2 platelets to be embedded in irregular TiC grains or Fe-Cr-Ni alloy phases, whereas Fe-Cr-Ni alloy phases were distributed in the form of irregular isolated grains or thin bands at the boundaries of TiB2 and TiC phases, as shown in Fig.6 (a) and Fig.6 (b), leading to the presence of 3-dimension net ceramic-metal microstructure (3DNCMs) in the intermediate.
As a result, kinetic viscosity has to increase sharply in both the intermediate liquid and the nearby ceramic liquid, then, for A1 sample, a number of Al2O3 droplets hardly float away from the intermediate liquid and nearby ceramic liquid, so that large Al2O3 particles even the coarse Al2O3 bands have to be enriched around the intermediate nearby the ceramic matrix, presenting a fatal interfacial defect in the laminated composite due to low elastic modulus and low strength of Al2O3 inclusions as well as its poor wettability of with the intermediate and TiB2 based ceramic.
Rapid growth of TiC solids not only make TiC contest against TiB2 for more Ti atoms, but also compete against TiB2 in growing space, causing TiB2 platelets to grow and coarsen more hardly until they are surrounded by rapidly-developed irregular TiC grains, as shown in Fig. 6 (a).
Subsequently, by determining molar ratio x of (Ti+B4C) and (CrO3+Al) as 0.5, and taking separated mixture-mixing and blend-filling processing for two combustion systems, XRD, FESEM and EDS results showed that Al2O3 inclusions were freed of the intermediate around ceramic matrix, and with the intermediate there were a number of fine TiB2 platelets to be embedded in irregular TiC grains or Fe-Cr-Ni alloy phases, while Fe-Cr-Ni alloy phases were distributed in the form of irregular isolated grains or thin bands at the boundaries of TiB2 and TiC phases, leading to presence of not only 3-D net ceramic-metal microstructure but also continuously-graded one between TiB2-based ceramic and stainless steel substrate in the laminated composite.

When the Sr addition is up to 0.02 wt%, the main branch of dendrite α and some primary branches are fused, some dendrites α granulates into equiaxed grains (Fig. 1b).
With further increase in the addition of Sr, Sr addition is 0.077 wt%, the vast majority of dendrites has been granulated, although the grain slightly increases, but the distribution is uniform (Fig. 2e).When the Sr addition is 0.09 wt%, the grain have equiaxed, and uniform distribution (Fig. 1f).
Sr would promote the growth of columnar dendrite α and leads to the increase of the number of dendrite α [4].
Meanwhile, RE and aluminum and the Fe, Si, etc. in aluminum can form the small compounds of high melting point, these compounds can play the role of heterogeneous nucleation, the grain refinement [5].
A large number of primary silicon be separated coarse plate-shaped gradually into small blocks or star-shaped flap, and the edges have been passivated.

Introduction In a high number of applications, microalloying with Nb is a common practice to increase strength and toughness properties of steels.
For the sample reheated at 1275ºC (control test), an average grain size of »180 µm was determined.
For the hot charging simulation samples, which were also reheated at this temperature, some grain growth takes place during hot charging simulation period and grain sizes of ranging between 230 and 260 µm were determined.
Some grain size heterogeneity is also observed in all cases.
In areas where particles dissolve, grain growth can take place easier.

The changing tendency of decreased magnitude is shown in Fig. 3 .It can be seen from the graph that the decreased magnitude is also shown an linear increase tendency as the cycle number increase.
The minimum value appears when the cycle number is 400.
There is no significant change in microstructure of coiled tubing during repeat bending deformation .But , as the cycles increase, the grains were elongated and flattened and grain boundary tend to be dark .
Accordingly, the results of hardness testing show that the hardness increased as the increase of cycle number.
(4) As the cycles increase, the grains were elongated and flattened and grain boundary tend to be dark.

Introduction In the widely application of Enterprise Resource Planning system, a large number of heterogeneous data has been accumulated and a large amount of independent applications have been constructed which are becoming information islands.
Service Registry Policy Security Transaction Management Fig. 1 Basic Composition of SOA Fig. 2 Basic Architecture of SOA Service which consists of numbers of components is a self-contained, stateless entity.
On that basis of investigation, those existing information systems were subdivided into fine-grained functional components, and those new requirements were also subdivided into fine-grained functional requirements which were to be developed to corresponding functional components.
Business processes were exactly described by WS-BPEL with visualization tool and executed by BPEL engine with fine-grained services which are found from ESB.
Volume 29, Number 7, pp.856-863, (2006).

In this velocity the Froude dimensionless Number (Fr), which correlates inertial and gravitation forces, is considered to be 1.
In a drum, the Froude number can be described as presented in Eq. (2): (2) When critical speed is reached, Fr=1, and the Eq (2) can be rewritten as follows in Eq.(3):
With the drum filled to a low level, the contact between the grains will be poor, and friction and breakage effects will be less than in high filling.
High percentage of critical rotation leads to high compactation and densification of grains.
For a real granulation, the best process condition could be reached with low liquid phase and high drum rotation, increasing the grain compactation, reducing internal voids.

The rolling direction of the base material region is clear, and the perpendicular to the rolling direction of grain like flat cakes.
Due to the action of thermal cycles, the microstructure of HAZ ’s crystal grain grow again secondary.
It can be seen in Fig.2d, 2e that crystal grain welding joints of RFSSW welding joints are smaller than WFSSWs’.
In the expansion area (Fig.6c) ,there are a number of parabolic tension-shear directions dimples and torn edges.
Short-break region (Fig.6d) by a number of shallow dimples and cleavage facets composition, when the crack extends to the remaining area of ​​the specimen tensile-shear strength to withstand stress, crack along with the rapid expansion of dissociation fracture.