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Variants of the numerical study: · the effect of varying material properties · tolerance deviations of the individual parts through the assembly process and various types of defects which can occur in the assembly of the electromagnetic actuator The numerical simulation tool was ANSYS Maxwell which enables conducting electromagnetic field simulations. [5] The simulation specifications were: · 2D and 3D analysis · Magneto Static - Analysis · Real material data related to BH - curve · Temperature-dependent effects For the analysis the displayed area was adapted to the range of the magnetic field sensors (Fig. 5). 10 mTesla was chosen as a border, which is the range above the measurement signal is not affected significantly by magnetic interferences, such as the Earth's magnetic field.
When a parasitic air gap is located in flux guiding material or at the joints of them, it causes a global increase of the total reluctance of the magnetic circuit which results in a reduction of the magnetic field strength in the working air gap.
Due to a reduced permeability of the sections in the magnetic circuit and depending on which flux guiding element, a global increase of the reluctance correlates with the total magnetic flux reduction and therefore a decreased magnetic force strength (Fig. 7 and Eq. 2).
The magnetic stray fields were measured in the circumference and the data were compared with the results from the simulation.
Display of data on the circumference of the actuator at the pole disc (middle) and the comparison of the results with the simulation results with ANSYS Maxwell (right) The developed measurement system uses an analogue Hall sensor (Gaussmeter DSG 425 with transversal sensor HMNT-4E04-VR from Lakeshore) for the stray field detection.

The fatigue life reduction is the result of increased inelastic strain, positive mean stress evolution and time-dependent damages connected with the hold times [3,4].
Surface relief evolution and dislocation structure changes in the fatigue tests with hold times are not well documented in rare literature data [5.6].
Experimental data were fitted by the Basquin law: (1) where σ´f and b are fatigue strength coefficient and exponent, respectively.
Such stress development is not detrimental for fatigue lifetime thus no reduction of fatigue life is observed.
Our experimental data agree well with the results reported previously [4,5,8].

The analyses carried out in this research on the safety factor and the decrease in post-treatment settlements with the three technologies are purely theoretical since these variables were found on the basis of technical standards, technical data sheets, theses, etc.
Settlement Reduction In order to estimate these deformations, several methods may be used.
This methodology is based on the analysis of settlement data produced by various earthquakes, in which several values are correlated, such as relative density, number of SPT corrected blows, safety factor, cyclic shear stress induced by the earthquake, resistance to penetration of the CPT cone, maximum observed deformations, etc.
For the reduction of post-treatment settlement (Fig. 2), for a severe earthquake, the most effective treatment would be compacted aggregate piles because aggregate piles have a stiffness four to seven times greater than that of gravel columns, which makes the soil much more stable.
Conclusions Though the calculation of the parameters was theoretical, highly conservative data were used.

So, the development and implementation of methods for these wastes utilization in the technological cycles of the same production or other enterprises would allow not only cutting the production costs of the main product – the iron-ore concentrate, but also reducing the impact of the industrial production on the environment by the reduction of areas, allotted for the waste storage.
According to the literature data [17], the reactivity of the primary dyeing compounds in the used pigmented materials is considerably lower, than that of the admixtures, contained in them, including quartz.
The activation processes, taking place during the heat treatment, as well as the action of iron oxides as mineralizing agents at high temperatures, according to the literature data [18], create the increased imperfection of the quartz component’s structure in FQRT and increase the internal stresses.
The obtained results correlate with the data concerning the water absorption capacity of the obtained samples.
So, the reduction of the samples’ coloring after the autoclave treatment takes place partially due to the adsorption of the loading pigment’s particles on the surface of the gel-like and crystallized low-basic calcium silicate hydrates, formed as a result of the interaction between lime and quartz component; and, partially, due to the formation of new compounds at the chemical interaction of loading pigments with the components of the silicate mix, which are characterized with lower color intensity or are colorless.

Mechanical properties are around 188 GPa for Young's modulus, 254 MPa 0.2% proof strength, 453 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 26 % elongation, and 45 % reduction of area.
The material exhibits lower Young's modulus, higher proportion of yielding to ultimate strengths and reduction of area, and a lower elongation than those of conventional ferrous alloys.
The fatigue limit for i paired data at �L in Table 2 can be then evaluated by ( ) iw iii ��ss LFFa = (2) This limit should be controlled by an inequality as ( ) ( ) 2SF LFFS ii w iii ss��ss i +< < (3) Thus, a inequality for solving the exponential, wi, can be converted as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )LFi FiSi i LFi FiSi �� ss w �� ss lg 5.05.0lg lg lg + << (4) Assuming that the sa-� relations for paired specimens are not possible to cross each other, it is reasonable to take wi as a constant.
Using normal distribution (ND) to model the fatigue limit data, a likelihood function, L(sa; sa,av, sa,rms, w), can be established as ( ) ∏=                 − − = s 1 2 rmsa, ava,a rmsa, rmsa,ava,a 2 1 exp 2 1 ,,; n i i s ss s wsssL π (5) where sa,av and sa,rms are the average value and standard deviation of fatigue limits.
By the paired data in Table 2, solved sa,av, sa,rms, and w by MLA for the present material are respectively 138.25 MPa, 2.5685 MPa, and 0.0086.

In this situation, government policy is passengers encourage to use public transportation because this work can reduction the traffic congestion and air pollution.
After indicated formulas for illustrate it issue we used the real data of public bus operation in Tehran, Iran.
For reduction affects of behaviour of passengers in-station can limited they to using magnetic card for paying fare instead of paying cash.
Acknowledgement We thank the Fara Tarabar Mahdi bus company for providing the test data.
Mahdi Raeisi for his helping in data collection.

Standard Element / Property ASTM F2885-11 ASTM F136-13 AMS4928-U AMS4985-F Industry Medical Medical Aerospace Aerospace Process MIM Wrought Wrought Cast Nitrogen [%] 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max 0.05 max Carbon [%] 0.08 max 0.08 max 0.08 max 0.10 max Hydrogen [%] 0.015 max 0.012 max 0.015 max 0.015 max Iron [%] 0.30 max 0.25 max 0.30 max 0.30 max Oxygen [%] 0.20 max 0.13 max 0.20 max 0.20 max Aluminum [%] 5.5 – 6.75 5.5 – 6.5 5.5 – 6.75 5.5 – 6.75 Vanadium [%] 3.5 – 4.5 3.5 – 4.5 3.5 – 4.5 3.5 – 4.5 Yttrium [%] 0.005 N/A 0.005 0.005 Titanium* [%] Balance Balance Balance Balance Ultimate Tensile Strength [MPa] 900 min 860 min 931 min 896 min Yield Strength [MPa] 830 min 795 min 862 min 827 min Elongation [%] 10 min 10 min 10 min 6 min Reduction of Area [%] 15 min 25 min 25 min N/A Overcoming the challenges of TiMIM is critical when commercializing the technology.
Since then, data has been collected and process improvements made to improve the capability of both chemistry and mechanical performance of the TiMIM material.
Below in Figure 5 are the results of 84 furnace runs and the capability of the average data.
Initial process validation results proved that the capability met the requirements and the long term data supports the earlier findings.
Praxis TiMIM Tensile Properties Property ASTM F2885 Minimum Requirement Minimum Result Ppk Result UTS [MPa] 900 958.4 25.29 Yield [MPa] 830 839.8 1.6 Elongation [%] 10 18 3.2 Reduction in Area [%] 15 30 3.14 Component Suitability Material Grade 5 titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) is a choice material for medical, aerospace and high-end consumer applications due to the two material characteristics: biocompatibility and strength to weight ratio.

The geometry is reconstructed layer-by-layer using a CO2 laser beam to sinter the layers according to the slice data.
As a result of particle coalescence, reduction in surface free energy is the main driving force for the sintering process [1].
Obtained data was analyzed in Matlab7.1 and surface roughness (Ra) was calculated.
Result data was expressed as mean±standard deviation.
Reduction in porosity within the designed solid regions for parts with smaller feature sizes is the result of higher energy density being delivered to a given surface area due the more frequent outline scans.

The samples were examined in a LEO VP 1530 FEG SEM equipped with a TSL EBSD which has the capacity to collect simultaneous EDS data.
Processing of the data was carried out using OIM analysis with the results presented as Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) maps or chemical EDS maps.
No cleaning algorithm was applied to any of the data collected.
The grey structure in Fig.3(a) appears to correlate with a reduction in the aluminium concentration within the pores.
The Mg map shows that the grey structure near to the cell walls has a slightly higher Mg concentration and a corresponding reduction in the Al concentration.

PV concentrator systems can increase the solar radiation intensity on the photovoltaic cells, decrease area of photovoltaic cells required which lead to a reduction in total system cost, if the cost of the concentrator is less than that of the area of photovoltaic cells replaced [5-6].
The five K-type thermocouples were connected to the data logger for recording the data every hour during the period of 6 am to 6 pm.
With an increase of the module temperature, phonons are excited due to the difficulty of the uniform movement of electrons and the reduction of efficiency of the module [9-10].
Fig. 4 Comparison of I–V and P–V curves with experimental data.