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Online since: December 2013
Authors: Jing Ren, Dong Dong Xu, Yi Ping Zhang
At present, resources and environment situation is not optimistic in our country, therefore, the “11th five-year plan” outline points out "energy conservation and emissions reduction”.
When the car passes through the deceleration strip, it can make the idle energy into power, which is very much in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction.
So our country put forward “the eleventh five-year plan” for energy conservation and emissions reduction, and has obtained remarkable achievement.
It has theoretical and practical feasibility and implements energy conservation and emissions reduction, reduces the cost of entrance guard system.
Relevant data show that in one highway toll of Beijing, for example, there are 50000 vehicles through it daily, whose average weight is 8000 Kg.
When the car passes through the deceleration strip, it can make the idle energy into power, which is very much in line with the concept of energy saving and emission reduction.
So our country put forward “the eleventh five-year plan” for energy conservation and emissions reduction, and has obtained remarkable achievement.
It has theoretical and practical feasibility and implements energy conservation and emissions reduction, reduces the cost of entrance guard system.
Relevant data show that in one highway toll of Beijing, for example, there are 50000 vehicles through it daily, whose average weight is 8000 Kg.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Ke Ying Cai, Ying Mei Zhou
Azoxy compounds are prepared mostly by reduction of aromatic nitro compounds or oxidation aromatic anilines.
Azoxy compounds can be prepared by electrolytic reduction of nitro compounds[10].
Among the reduction methods, sodium borohydride reduction can be operated at room temperature easily, and the yield of azoxy compounds is high.
Reduction nitro compounds using sodium borohydride.
Table 3 Yields and corresponding MS data of azoxy compounds Entry Product Yield [%] MS(EI), m/z [%] 1 2a 85 198(M+, 22), 182(12), 169(21), 105(18), 91(25), 77(100) 2 2b 41 226(M+, 21), 211(60), 104(19), 91(100), 65(37) 3 2c 53 226(M+, 57), 119(18), 105(31), 91(100), 79(25), 65(42) 4 2d 48 254(M+, 34), 238(20), 197(15), 105(100), 91(32), 77(60) 5 2e 27 258(M+, 93), 242(33), 121(83), 107(100), 92(45), 77(55) 6 2f 87 266(M+, 7), 250(25), 139(33), 125(21), 111(100), 90(38) 7 2g 90 266(M+, 5), 250(11), 139(26), 125(6), 111(100), 75(33) Reusability of the catalyst.
Azoxy compounds can be prepared by electrolytic reduction of nitro compounds[10].
Among the reduction methods, sodium borohydride reduction can be operated at room temperature easily, and the yield of azoxy compounds is high.
Reduction nitro compounds using sodium borohydride.
Table 3 Yields and corresponding MS data of azoxy compounds Entry Product Yield [%] MS(EI), m/z [%] 1 2a 85 198(M+, 22), 182(12), 169(21), 105(18), 91(25), 77(100) 2 2b 41 226(M+, 21), 211(60), 104(19), 91(100), 65(37) 3 2c 53 226(M+, 57), 119(18), 105(31), 91(100), 79(25), 65(42) 4 2d 48 254(M+, 34), 238(20), 197(15), 105(100), 91(32), 77(60) 5 2e 27 258(M+, 93), 242(33), 121(83), 107(100), 92(45), 77(55) 6 2f 87 266(M+, 7), 250(25), 139(33), 125(21), 111(100), 90(38) 7 2g 90 266(M+, 5), 250(11), 139(26), 125(6), 111(100), 75(33) Reusability of the catalyst.
Online since: November 2014
Authors: Yi Chen, Si Cheng Deng
Age estimation is an important method to solve the face recognition with age change, due to the feature extraction,in the process of age estimation study, PCA dimensional reduction method is usually used to reduce dimension with excessive dimension.PCA refers that transform the sample matrix into one-dimensional vector first, then the one-dimensional vectors form a matrix, solve the eigenvector. 2D-PCA applied in this paper is not required to transform the sample matrix into one-dimensional vector, but construct scatter matrix with data matrix directly, accordingly, the computing time is reduced and a good performance evaluation is achieved in the test.
PCA generally refers that transform the sample matrix into a one-dimensional vector first, then a number of the sample vectors form a matrix[4], finally solve the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix; 2D-PCA is not required to transform the sample matrix into a one-dimensional vector, but construct scatter matrix with data matrix directly,therefore, characteristics extracted by 2D-PCA are better and faster than PCA and the calculation time is reduced.
Compare with PCA and 2D-PCA dimension reduction method of the face image identification and the calibration point method, the time spent and the recognition rate were as shown in Figure 1.
Randomly select the training sample, the rest are as test sample, treat with PCA and 2DPCA dimension reduction. 3.
Table1 Experimental results Test methods Group 1 Accuracy rate Group 2 Accuracy rate Group 3 Accuracy rate Running time Calibration points 70.0% 71.2% 71.1% 22.62s PCA 69.4% 69.1% 70.4% 91.65s 2DPCA 71.1% 72.4% 70.6% 35.94s The test results showed that the original image information was not required to read due to the use of calibration point method, thus dimension reduction was not needed, therefore the running time was the shortest; while the running time of using traditional PCA dimension reduction method was the longest, the 2D -PCA method used in this paper was considerably less than the traditional PCA method.
PCA generally refers that transform the sample matrix into a one-dimensional vector first, then a number of the sample vectors form a matrix[4], finally solve the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix; 2D-PCA is not required to transform the sample matrix into a one-dimensional vector, but construct scatter matrix with data matrix directly,therefore, characteristics extracted by 2D-PCA are better and faster than PCA and the calculation time is reduced.
Compare with PCA and 2D-PCA dimension reduction method of the face image identification and the calibration point method, the time spent and the recognition rate were as shown in Figure 1.
Randomly select the training sample, the rest are as test sample, treat with PCA and 2DPCA dimension reduction. 3.
Table1 Experimental results Test methods Group 1 Accuracy rate Group 2 Accuracy rate Group 3 Accuracy rate Running time Calibration points 70.0% 71.2% 71.1% 22.62s PCA 69.4% 69.1% 70.4% 91.65s 2DPCA 71.1% 72.4% 70.6% 35.94s The test results showed that the original image information was not required to read due to the use of calibration point method, thus dimension reduction was not needed, therefore the running time was the shortest; while the running time of using traditional PCA dimension reduction method was the longest, the 2D -PCA method used in this paper was considerably less than the traditional PCA method.
Online since: January 2022
Authors: Jonah Chukwuemeka Agunwamba, Nkpa M. Ogarekpe, Maurice G. Ekpenyong
Dunteman (as cited in [41]) stated that PCA decomposes the original data into a set of linear variates.
Labib and Vemuri [45] studied the dimensionality reduction of vectors to enable better visualization and analysis of the data.
In sports, PCA is used as a multivariate technique to manage big data [50].
Experimental Setup and Data Collection Three sets of experimental ponds were constructed with varying locations of the points of initiation of hydraulic jump.
[10] Saqqar MM, Pescod MB (1992) Modelling coliform reduction in wastewater stabilization pond.
Labib and Vemuri [45] studied the dimensionality reduction of vectors to enable better visualization and analysis of the data.
In sports, PCA is used as a multivariate technique to manage big data [50].
Experimental Setup and Data Collection Three sets of experimental ponds were constructed with varying locations of the points of initiation of hydraulic jump.
[10] Saqqar MM, Pescod MB (1992) Modelling coliform reduction in wastewater stabilization pond.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Yong Huang, Ji Chuan Su, Ji Xiang Shan, Yong Hong Li
Spalart-Allmaras one-equation turbulent model was used for simulations.
3 Results and discussions
3.1 Validation for baseline model
In order to validate the present numerical approach, the computed lift and drag coefficients of the present CFD study at M=1.5 are compared with experimental data as shown in Fig. 3.
It is clear to see that the lift and drag force coefficient of the present CFD results and the experimental data agree well (within 1% and 7.5% respectively) indicating that the numerical methods are accurate enough to capture the main flow characteristics of grid fins.
Numerical Study on Drag Reduction for Grid-Fin Configurations.
Numerical Study on Drag Reduction for Grid-Fin Configurations.
Swept-back Grid Fins for Transonic Drag Reduction.
It is clear to see that the lift and drag force coefficient of the present CFD results and the experimental data agree well (within 1% and 7.5% respectively) indicating that the numerical methods are accurate enough to capture the main flow characteristics of grid fins.
Numerical Study on Drag Reduction for Grid-Fin Configurations.
Numerical Study on Drag Reduction for Grid-Fin Configurations.
Swept-back Grid Fins for Transonic Drag Reduction.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Nga Hoang, Di Cao
This paper presents the design of torsional adaptive tunable vibration absorber (ATVA) using magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) for vibration reduction of powertrain systems.
This device is connected to the National Instrument module to transfer data to the computer.
In which the data acquisition is performed using Labview software version 8.6.
The obtained Young’s modulus data are shown in Fig. 2.
Measured Young’s modulus data By measuring the decay vibration of the weight is measure.
This device is connected to the National Instrument module to transfer data to the computer.
In which the data acquisition is performed using Labview software version 8.6.
The obtained Young’s modulus data are shown in Fig. 2.
Measured Young’s modulus data By measuring the decay vibration of the weight is measure.
Online since: November 2013
Authors: Qiu Jing Yang
Rough sets theory was brought into the reduction process of data, and proposed a new method of granular BP neural networks.
The experiment and simulation In order to ensure the evaluation of the effectiveness of the detection algorithm and authority, choose KDDCUP99 dataset experiment simulation. 10% are selected according to the selected interval data, such as 1/5 of the training data set as the training data, from the selection of the remaining 10% of the training data set to half as the first set of test data, the selection of the original half 10% test data set as a second set of test data, containing some new types of data.
The data set Number of samples Accuracy False positives Omission Training data 98804 0.9991 0.0003 0.0006 The test data 1 197608 0.9887 0.0054 0.0059 The test data 2 155514 0.9689 0.0114 0.0197 Summary Rough set theory, as one of the main model of granular computing theory, is a kind of dealing with imprecise, incomplete and uncertain knowledge of mathematical tools.
Rough sets theory to analyze the data is to keep the classification of the decision system capacity.
That remains unchanged, and then the data is particle size reduction, according to the results of the final reduction, to extract the classification rules of the decision system.
The experiment and simulation In order to ensure the evaluation of the effectiveness of the detection algorithm and authority, choose KDDCUP99 dataset experiment simulation. 10% are selected according to the selected interval data, such as 1/5 of the training data set as the training data, from the selection of the remaining 10% of the training data set to half as the first set of test data, the selection of the original half 10% test data set as a second set of test data, containing some new types of data.
The data set Number of samples Accuracy False positives Omission Training data 98804 0.9991 0.0003 0.0006 The test data 1 197608 0.9887 0.0054 0.0059 The test data 2 155514 0.9689 0.0114 0.0197 Summary Rough set theory, as one of the main model of granular computing theory, is a kind of dealing with imprecise, incomplete and uncertain knowledge of mathematical tools.
Rough sets theory to analyze the data is to keep the classification of the decision system capacity.
That remains unchanged, and then the data is particle size reduction, according to the results of the final reduction, to extract the classification rules of the decision system.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Der Ho Wu, Hsun Heng Tsai
The objective of the current study is to perform a Taguchi design experiment to establish the MWCNT/NR vibration isolators which maximize the force reduction in transmissibility of the resultant nanotube-reinforced material.
The corresponding results are summarized in Table 2, together with the average force reduction in transmissibility ( R ) for each sample calculated from equation (2).
The schematic layout of the vibration force transmitted teating -12.79 3 2 1 2 0.435 0.442 0.437 0.004 -7.17 4 2 2 1 0.357 0.368 0.378 0.011 -8.69 Data Analysis.
Applying the ANOM statistical technique to the data yielded the S/N response table and S/N response graph presented in Table 2 and Fig. 4, respectively.
Fig. 4 shows that Factor A2 has the most significant effect in enhancing the reduction in force reduction in transmissibility of the composite material, while the choice of sonication time has relatively little effect.
The corresponding results are summarized in Table 2, together with the average force reduction in transmissibility ( R ) for each sample calculated from equation (2).
The schematic layout of the vibration force transmitted teating -12.79 3 2 1 2 0.435 0.442 0.437 0.004 -7.17 4 2 2 1 0.357 0.368 0.378 0.011 -8.69 Data Analysis.
Applying the ANOM statistical technique to the data yielded the S/N response table and S/N response graph presented in Table 2 and Fig. 4, respectively.
Fig. 4 shows that Factor A2 has the most significant effect in enhancing the reduction in force reduction in transmissibility of the composite material, while the choice of sonication time has relatively little effect.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Chong Jiang Cao, Xiao Geng Liu, Qin Liu
Oxygen reduction measurements performed by linear sweep voltammetry indicat the good catalytic activity of Pd-Mo by SEA compared to dry impregnation (DI) bimetallic catalysts since the SEA technique produced more well dispersed and intimately designed bimetallic particles after reduction.
The slurries were dried at room temperature for a couple of days, followed by reduction in H2.
The data was analyzed with the BET equation to calculate the surface area. 2.3 Electrochemical characterization Electrochemical measurements were performed using a CHI660A Potentiostat and a conventional three-compartment electrochemical glass cell.
It is predicted that the particles of Pd formed because the PdMo alloy can not be formed at low temperature reduction.
It is found that the ORR mass activity increase first and then decrease with the increase of reduction temperature.
The slurries were dried at room temperature for a couple of days, followed by reduction in H2.
The data was analyzed with the BET equation to calculate the surface area. 2.3 Electrochemical characterization Electrochemical measurements were performed using a CHI660A Potentiostat and a conventional three-compartment electrochemical glass cell.
It is predicted that the particles of Pd formed because the PdMo alloy can not be formed at low temperature reduction.
It is found that the ORR mass activity increase first and then decrease with the increase of reduction temperature.
Online since: August 2008
Authors: Lucianna Gama, Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa, Hélio Lucena Lira, J.B.L. de Oliveira, Heloysa Martins Carvalho Andrade, Kaline Melo de Souto Viana, M.G.C. Porto, E. Souza
Catalytic Evaluation Of Al2o3-Zro2 Supports Used In The Reduction Of
No With CH4
Costa, A.
The XRD data showed the formation of tetragonal zirconia phase, with crystallite size of 6.3 and 6.1 nm for the supports prepared with 0.1 and 0.5 moles of Al3+, respectively.
Pd/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts were active NO reduction by CH4.
Al2O3-ZrO2 supported palladium catalysts present significant efficiency in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by hydrocarbons [4] [5].
The Pd/AlxZr1xO2 catalyst (x = 0.1 and 0.5 moles of Al3+) showed activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with CH4.
The XRD data showed the formation of tetragonal zirconia phase, with crystallite size of 6.3 and 6.1 nm for the supports prepared with 0.1 and 0.5 moles of Al3+, respectively.
Pd/Al2O3-ZrO2 catalysts were active NO reduction by CH4.
Al2O3-ZrO2 supported palladium catalysts present significant efficiency in the selective catalytic reduction of NOx by hydrocarbons [4] [5].
The Pd/AlxZr1xO2 catalyst (x = 0.1 and 0.5 moles of Al3+) showed activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with CH4.