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The crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition of the as-obtained CIGS nanotubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Introduction In recent years, metal chalcogenides have attracted great attention due to their size-dependent properties, flexible processing chemistry, novel properties and potential technological applications in photovoltaic solar cells, light emitting diodes and non-linear optical devices [1,2].
Studies on the crystal structure, morphology and elemental composition were provided below.
XRD, SEM, EDS and TEM characterization confirmed the crystal structure, morphology, elemental composition of the as-obtained CIGS nanotubes.

FESEM analysis indicated that as the process time increases, the morphology of the film changes from grooved surface into flaky porous structure.
There have been numerous researches done on fabrication and characterization of ZnO nanostructured thin films recently which led to creation of a vast range of different structures like nanoneedle [6], nanowire [7], nanoflakes [8] and nanorods [9].
The process contains several reactions as follow[10]: 1 μm a b c d e 1 μm 1 μm 1 μm 1 μm Fig. 1 – ZnO formation on zinc substrate in different process intervals of (a) electropolished and anodized samples in 0.025M NaOH-0.05M NH4Cl under 10 V direct current for (b) 15, (c) 30, (d) 60, and (e) 90 minutes showing groove formation and subsequent growth of ZnO structure.
Khataee, “Photocatalytic degradation of azo dye acid red 14 in water on ZnO as an alternative catalyst to TiO2,” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 162, no. 2–3, pp. 317–322, Mar. 2004

The phases, crystal structure and morphology of the nanoferrites were determined by Rietveld analysis of X-ray diffraction data.
Ferrites that possess crystalline structure MFe2O4 are said Spinels, where M represents substituent divalent cations.
It was possible to identify Franklinite phase (Mn-Zn ferrite, group Fd3m, spinel cubic structure, PDF 89-6609) and Akaganeite phase (iron (III) oxide-hydroxide, group I4/m, PDF 75-1594).
Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 2014

The sintered products showed tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) structure.
The crystal structures of Mgsubstituted β-TCPs were analyzed by the Rietveld Method [5] using FULLPROF software [6].
The contraction of the parameters a=b and c, when compared with the Mg-free reference samples (β-TCP) was correlated to the Mg content in the structure (Fig. 2).
Hoshikawa: Journal of Solid State Chemistry, Vol. 175 (2003), p. 272.

The glass transition temperature Tg, half temperature of decomposition and crystallinity were found to be closely related to the sequence structures of methylene.
The copolymer structures were constructed by the amorphous module according to the monomer compositions analyzed above.
Therefore, from the theoretical analysis and the comparison with the experimental, it showed that in the synthesis of EPR it was very important not only to control the composition ratio of the ethylene to propylene but also to dominate the suitable sequential structures.
James, Barry: Analytical Chemistry.

The structure of PU polyol and resulting polyurethane film were confirmed by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR).
According to the chemical structure of the polymer polyol is divided into polyether alcohols, polyester polyols, polyurethane polyols and acrylic polyol.
The structure of NCO prepolymer and polyurthane polyol were characterized by FI-IR, respectively.
Ionescu: Chemistry and Technology of Polyols for Polyurethanes, Rapra Technology,Shawbury (005), Chap.2 [2] M.

The majority of particles in PME are mainly categorized as supracolloidal structures. 70% of them rage from 5 μm to 20 μm with a median size of 9.99 μm.
The majority of particles in PME range from 1 μm to 100 μm and fall into the category of supracolloidal structures [5].
Fig. 6 SO32- variation of filtration permeates (a) and percent distribution of SO32- fractions (b) Conclusions l PME consist of large amounts of SS, the majority of which are shaped approximately in ellipsoid and categorized as supracolloidal structures.
Anastas and T.C.Williamson: Green chemistry: frontiers in benign chemical syntheses and processes, Oxford University Press (1998)

In the present paper, the formation of high hardness and large strength structure of WCCo composite material containing particles of diamond were investigated and optimal operating parameters were defined.
Fig. 4 shows the typical WC-Co compact structure with the strong skin effect.
Fig. 4 WC-Co compact structure after EDC with a strong skin effect.
References [1] Erik Lassner and Wolf-Dieter Schubert: Tungsten-Properties, Chemistry, Technology of the Element, Alloys, and Chemical Compounds.

The surface morphology was characterized by SEM, the chemical structure was characterized by FT-IR.
The chemical structure was characterized by FT-IR.
The steric hindrance of dipole enhanced with the formation of MWNTs network structure, the dielectric loss increased significantly with the MWNTs content increased.
Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 45(15), (2007), p. 3349～3358 [2] J.

X-ray diffraction patterns show evidences of a single-phase perovskite-type structure.
At 915 ºC a single phase body-centred cubic perovskite structure was detected.
These figures are in general agreement with those obtained for samples prepared by wet chemistry route and/or by conventional mixing of oxides and sintered for short times [7], i.e., for samples with relatively small grain sizes.
At a dwell temperature of 915ºC, the consolidated samples exhibited a pure perovskite-type structure without any trace of secondary phases.