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Alloy 400 (material number 2.4360) is a single phase alloy strengthened by Mn, Si, Fe and C [1].
Grain size and orientation were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD).
The microstructure of the cast variant is composed of equiaxed grains with the presence of twins typical for cast material (Fig. 1a).
The grain orientation map in the Z direction is shown in Fig. 1b and it revealed the random grain orientation.
The average grain size of both material variants as obtained from EBSD data post-processing is: cast = 63 ± 49 µm (excluding twin boundaries), LPBF = 16 ± 11 µm.

But the Ti and RE are effective alloy elements to protect B, which is used to suppress the formation of grain boundary ferrite and side-plate ferrites.
Between the cleavage planes, numerous large and deep dimples are observed, and a few numbers of second phase particles are observed in dimples (Fig.1b).
As only Mo adds in wire, the microstructures of weld metal are acicular ferrite mixed with some polygonal ferrite, and the polygonal ferrites precipitate along prior austenite grain boundaries (Fig. 2a).
With additions of Ti-B add in wire, the microstructures of weld metal are mainly acicular ferrite, with a small amount of polygonal ferrite distributed prior austenite grain boundaries (Fig. 2b).
As the alloy content is smaller and/or greater than the optimum level, grain boundary ferrite and/or bainite increase more than acicular ferrite, respectively.

The model only considers nearest-neighbor interactions to simulate cluster formation during early-stage precipitation, neglecting the effect of other defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries on the diffusion process.
It has been reported[20] that the introduction of Zr and Mg into aluminum alloys refines the grain structure and enhances mechanical properties.
Fig.3(b) display the scatter diagram of the number of clusters in the Al alloy simulation.
Moreover, the yield strength, cluster size, and the number of clusters at each component gradually converge to the average.
Moreover, the yield strength, cluster size, and the number of clusters at each component gradually converge to the average.

Starting from refining the grain size of cast aluminum alloys, additions of Sc and Zr also increase the resistance to recrystallization during hot working and introduce additional strengthening through the formation of fine coherent Al3(Sc,Zr) particles from a super-saturated solid solution [6,7].
From 1000 to 16000 particles were analyzed for every heat treatment condition (the number of counts decreased with decreasing particle number density).
The as-cast SSA018 alloy had a homogeneous equiaxed dendritic structure with the average grain size of 120 µm.
Mean size (diameter), dm, volume fraction, fV, and number density, �, of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles in the SSA018 alloy after different ST conditions.
An increase in the solution treatment temperature from 460°C to 480°C resulted in Al3(Sc,Zr) particles with a larger mean diameter, higher volume fraction and lower number density.

Samples of the first group, VK95-1, had 5–10-µm-size fine grains and 20–60-µm-size large grains.
The morphology of the fine grains was prismatic and uncertain; the large grains had a fragmental form.
The fine grains most likely form aggregates.
The grains had clearly defined grain boundaries.
The powders consisted of particles with flaky morphology and a great number of aggregates, which did not have a regular form.

l Put those samples collected into sample bags, then seal and number them.
The grain-size data is obtained by this way.
Secondly calculate the grain-size parameters (including mean grain diameter, sorting coefficient, skewness, kurtosis and fractal dimension value).
Grain-size of Sand Materials.
The grain-size parameters such as grain-size composition, median diameter, fractal dimension value etc. can clearly reflect the microclimatic fluctuation in the macroclimate stage [11, 21-22].

This not only produces huge energy consumption and emission, but also produces a great number of construction wastes1.
Table1-3 Mechanics Performance Data Table of Gluebam Board (Source：drawn by the author) Names of index Japan standard values(JAS) Measured value 1 Remark Measured value 2 Bending strength (MPa) rift grain 67.5 160.9 Japan JAS "structure with veneer stacking materials" standards,180E (highest) 75 (not distinguish rift grain or band) band 53.3 Bending modulus of elasticity(MPa) rift grain 12000 12200 Japan JAS "structure with veneer stacking materials" standards，120E standard 6000(not distinguish rift grain or band; not distinguish anti-bending or resisting compression) Compression strength(MPa) rift grain 85.47 25 band 36.50 68 Strength of extension(MPa) rift grain 137 20(not distinguish rift grain or band) band / Tensile elastic modulus(MPa) rift grain 17,000 band / Shear strength (MPa) rift grain 6.5－5.5 22.7 Shear Layers fillet, Japan JAS ‘structure with veneer stacking materials" standards，65V-55H(highest) The Application

However, CuAlNi alloy has some problem[1-4] of difficulty at cold working, because it shows a inter-granular fracture in a initial stage of working due to the large grain size and stress concentration at grain boundary.
Difference of transformation temperature among the curve with change of number of thermal cycling is occur by easy transformation of β1 F and γ1 F to α or γ2 phase after the third thermal cycling.
Specimen prepared by one-way hot-rolling have a microstructure composed of martensite plates with a specific orientation in each grain.
It suggests that these form many dislocation in the matrix grains by the working, and the atomic rearrangement and vacancy disappearance due to cross-rolling.
Also, they affected in the formation of G.P zone and transformation temperature in company with γ2 phase formed by θ F to θ at grain boundary.

A number of observations of whiskers, whisker-induced failures, and some whisker story were well documented by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, and this is probably the most comprehensive documentation on the metal whiskers and the related problems and challenges [8].
An intermetallic compound layer is seen to form between the Sn and Cu layers, nucleating preferentially at the boundaries between Sn grains at the Sn-Cu interface.
Compared with the columnar grains found in pure Sn layers, Pb creates a more equiaxed microstructure, and it has been proposed that this enables displaced Sn atoms to be incorporated at horizontal grain boundaries where they do not generate stress in the layer [9].
Jo et al. recognized that the addition of Bi into Sn refined the grain size of the as-plated films and altered the columnar structure to form equiaxed grains.
They reported that Ni nanocones structure can prevent the motion of dislocations in Sn grains, and meanwhile produce horizontal grain boundaries which contribute to stress relaxation effectively for thin Sn coatings (1.6 μm) [7].

In the case that Ti or Zr is added the improvement in critical current density in materials synthesized at ambient pressure is usually explained by the formation of TiB2 or ZrB2 thin layers or inclusions at grain boundaries that increase the number of pinning centers, which is ascribed to a jc improvement caused by doping with these elements [6]..
Boron B(I) contained 1.66 % O and <5 µm grains, H.C.
The reactivity of SiC with coarser grains seemed to be lower and no notable interaction of SiC and MgB2 (Figure 2 i) was observed.
Boron B(I): 1.66 % O and <5 µm grains, H.C.
Starck; boron III: 1 mm, 95–97% purity, MaTecK; boron B(IV): contained 1.5 % O, 4-µm grains, H.C.