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The Ecuadorian paper industry faces the constant challenge of seeking alternative raw materials to replace wood pulp in paper production and its derivatives to reduce production costs.
The Ecuadorian paper industry heavily invests in exporting raw materials such as wood pulp, making it dependent on the global market dynamics with its constant price fluctuations [3,4].
This dependency underscores the potential for exploring alternative sources of raw materials, such as bacterial cellulose secreted as part of the extracellular metabolism of certain bacteria.
Flores, “Impacto de la globalización en las estrategias de negocios en las empresas ecuatorianas,” E-IDEA Journal of Business Sciences. 3, 1–11, (2021). https://doi.org/10.53734/eidea.vol3.id88 [5] F.
Tabe, “Exploring the Potentials of Banana (Musa Sapietum) Peels in Feed Formulation, “ International Journal of Advanced Research in Chemical Science. 5, (2018). https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0403.0505003 [17] L.

(a) Test for Mode I fracture toughness of Northeast China Larch As standard test procedures of determining fracture toughness KIC of wood have not been established yet, the ASTM guideline for CT specimens of metallic materials (ASTM E399-09) was taken as the reference of the test.
Although Eq. (1) given by ASTM E399-09 is for isotropic materials only, Sih, Paris and Irwin reported that little difference will be introduced when orthotropy is taken into account for a sharp crack [10].
[9] ASTM E399-09 Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials.
Croager, Mode II fracture toughness of wood measured by a mixed-mode test method, Journal of Materials Science Letter. 1 (1982) 77-79
Walsh, Linear fracture mechanics in orthotropic materials, Engineering Fracture Mechanics. 4 (1972) 533-541

Experiments Materials.
Journal of HeFei University of Technology.
Chinese Journal of Appued Chemistry.
Journal of Membrane Science 360 (2010) 371–379 [6] Rahul A.
Journal of Hazardous Materials 172 (2009) 1321–1328 [7] Fujun Liu, Bing Qin , Linghao He, Rui Song.

Materials and Methods FSW setup and materials The materials used in this research are AA6061-T6 and AZ31b.
Another motivation is that these materials exhibit a measurable difference in their radiographic response when subjected to X-ray CT making it easier to differentiate these two materials in X-ray CT images.
Nelson, A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties, Journal of Materials Science & Technology, 34 (2018), 39-57
Ball, A Review of Numerical Analysis of Friction Stir Welding, Progress in Materials Science, 65 (2014) 1-66
Feulvarch, On material flow in Friction Stir Welded Al alloys, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 239 (2017), 284-296

Acknowledgements This work was supported by State Key Lab of Advanced Metals and Materials(2010Z-09) and Public Foundation of Beijing Key Lab of Advanced Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials(USTB).
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgical and Materials Science. 2011,42A(6): 1630-1645
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A-Physical Metallurgical and Materials Science. 2008,39A(7): 1519-1524
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 2011,20(3): 341-347
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2008,208(1-3): 457-462

The Impact of Grinding on Surface Integrity of Powder-metallurgy High-speed Steel (S390) Shanhe Mua, Chuanliang Caob, Xianglin Zhang*c, Zha Xiangd, Xiu Maoe State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die &Mould Technology, HuazhongUniversity of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China amushanhe0420@163.com, bcaoliang1102736@126.com, chust_zxl@mail.hust.edu.cn, dzhaxiang@hust.edu.cn, emaoxiu1025@126.com Keywords: Grinding; Surface integrity; S390; Parameter optimization.
The two kinds of steels are usually used for fine-blanking punch-die.Few studies on the materials properties of the two kinds of steels are reported.
Corresponding Author Name: Xianglin Zhang, E-mail: hust_zxl@mail.hust.edu.cn, Mobile phone+86 138 8618 6966 References [1] Tanaka, T., et al.: Materials Transactions Vol.52 (2011), p. 447 [2] Godec, M., et al.: Materials Characterization Vol.61(2010): p. 452 [3] KruszynÂski, B.W. and WoÂjcik: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 109(2001) p. 254 [4] Cong, M., et al.: Machining Materials and Manufacturing Processes Vol. 26(2011): p. 1473 [5] Field, M. and Kahles, J.F.
[6] Tomlinson, W.J., Blunt, L.A., and Spraggett, S.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 25(1991): p. 105 [7] Barbacki, A., Kawalec, M., and Hamrol, A.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 5795(2002): p. 1 [8] Chen, X., Rowe, W.B., and McCormack, D.F.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 107(2000): p. 216 [9] Warren, A.W. and Guo, Y.B.: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Vol. 131(2009): p. 41 [10] Choi, Y.: Tribology Letters Vol. 36(2009): p. 277 [11] Capello, E. and Semeraro, Q.: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Vol. 124(2002): p. 615 [12] Mehat, N.M. and Kamaruddin, S.: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 211(2011): p. 1989 [13] Mamalis, A.G., Kundrák, J., and Gyáni, K., On the Surface Integrity of Precision-Ground Steel Cylindrical Parts.
Materials and Manufacturing Processes Vol. 18(2003): p. 835

ND:YAG laser can weld relatively thin materials, and typical welding parameter are long pulse widths, high joules, and in the case of seam welding, high pulse rates.
In most cases, pulse can produce high peak powers, which can be useful when trying to initiate and maintain a weld pool in some highly-reflective materials.
Esparza et al, "Microstructure property studies in friction stir welded, Thixomolded magnesium alloy AM60", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 38, 2003, p.941~952
Mishra, "Friction stir welding and processing", Materials Science and Engineering Vo. 50, 2005, pp.1~78 [6].
Ueyama, "AC Pulsed GMAW Improves Sheet Metal Joining", Welding Journal, 84(2), 2005, pp.40~46

Being a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU), the organization has the list of approved suppliers who are pre-qualified to supply the materials and spare parts required to maintain their road vehicles in accordance with the Government’s Public Procurement Policy (PPP).
Research Methodology The MTC has the list of approved suppliers in accordance with the Public Procurement Policy guidelines of the Government for purchase of raw materials, spare parts required to attend repairs, maintenance and overhauling of their buses [17,18].
GM/Operations who is the Chairperson and Sr.Managers of Materials Management Department, Accounts & Finance Department, and Production Department are the members of the HPPC assigned with the Decision Making (DM) authority.
[6] P.K.Humphreys,Y.K.Wong and F.T.S.Chan,Integrating environmental criteria into the supplier selection process, Journal of Materials Processing Technology,vol.138,(2003),349-356
Omega, IJ of Management Science, 29, (2001), 171–182.

Test Instruments, Materials and Test Program Large triaxial test have been carried out on the rockfill that used in the construction of shuibuya dam.
Journal of hydroelectric power,1997,(3): 21–30
Large-scale testing of rockfill materials [J].Journal of Soils Mechanics and Foundation Division,American Society of Civil Enginees,1967,93(2):27－43
Significance of particle crushing in granular materials[J].
Influence of grading and grain breakage induced grading change on the mechanical behavior of granular materials [J].

Experimental Materials.
Glasser: Journal Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 29 (1984), p. 1111
Bagley: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 44 (1992), p. 1477
Shiraishi: Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 78 (2000), p. 319
Xu: Polymer Materials Science and Engineering, 19 (2003), p. 194.