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Online since: October 2013
Authors: Xiao Hui Lu, Yang Wang
Average annual rainfall is 837.8mm and annual precipitation is 715.0mm at 75%, (according to the precipitation data of Xuzhou Bureau of Meteorology in 1952-1999) the average evaporation is 1813.6mm (according to the Municipal Meteorological Bureau data in1961-1999).
In December, the content of ammonium nitrogen was on the rise while the content of nitrate nitrogen continued decreasing because of the reduction in pollution resources and the conduct of denitrification at the same time.
Appropriate Conditions or Maximizing Catalytic Reduction Efficiency of nitrate into Nitrogen Gas in Groundwater[J].
In December, the content of ammonium nitrogen was on the rise while the content of nitrate nitrogen continued decreasing because of the reduction in pollution resources and the conduct of denitrification at the same time.
Appropriate Conditions or Maximizing Catalytic Reduction Efficiency of nitrate into Nitrogen Gas in Groundwater[J].
Online since: July 2015
Authors: Mao Yu Wen, Cheng Hsiung Yeh
The heat loss was estimated to be less than 5% of the heat input, and a correction was applied in the data reduction.
(a) Details of two tested fin configurations, (b) Schematic of the thermal tester Uncertainties and Data Reductions Based on the temperature measurement results, the thermal resistance of the nature convective heat sink with pin fins is expressed as (1) The heat input to the heat sink can be calculated from: (2) where , and are the heat sink-based temperature, ambient temperature and the net heat transfer rate, respectively.
(a) Details of two tested fin configurations, (b) Schematic of the thermal tester Uncertainties and Data Reductions Based on the temperature measurement results, the thermal resistance of the nature convective heat sink with pin fins is expressed as (1) The heat input to the heat sink can be calculated from: (2) where , and are the heat sink-based temperature, ambient temperature and the net heat transfer rate, respectively.
Non-Uniform Temperature Distribution in Multilayer Thermal Protective Coating with Curved Interfaces
Online since: February 2016
Authors: Yurii A. Chumakov, Anna G. Knyazeva
The numerical investigation of the model of heat transfer through a three-concentric-layer configuration which includes a metal housing, a thermal insulation, and a phase change material, was conducted to determine sizes and selecting materials for the thermal design of flight data recorders [11].
Summary So, the analysis of the model shows that (1) influence of inhomogeneous interfaces appears only for initial stage of the heating; (2) imperfect contact between the layers leads to the breaks in the interface temperatures, which diminishes with time, however do not disappear to the given time of the coating working; (3) decreasing of porosity of the coating layers leads to temperature reduction in the internal layer, however it is accompanied by temperature gradient growth; this can lead to thermal stresses evaluation and needs the additional investigation; (4) evaluation of thicknesses of the layers leads also to temperature reduction, however it connect with the growth of the weight of the construction that is not desirable and should be taken into account in the optimization problem for composite coating Acknowledgement This work was supported by Federal Target Program «Investigation and development on priority directions of scientific and technological complex of Russia
Li, Thermal protection from a finite period of heat exposure – Heat survival of flight data recorders, Applied Thermal Engineering 75 (2015) 748-755
Summary So, the analysis of the model shows that (1) influence of inhomogeneous interfaces appears only for initial stage of the heating; (2) imperfect contact between the layers leads to the breaks in the interface temperatures, which diminishes with time, however do not disappear to the given time of the coating working; (3) decreasing of porosity of the coating layers leads to temperature reduction in the internal layer, however it is accompanied by temperature gradient growth; this can lead to thermal stresses evaluation and needs the additional investigation; (4) evaluation of thicknesses of the layers leads also to temperature reduction, however it connect with the growth of the weight of the construction that is not desirable and should be taken into account in the optimization problem for composite coating Acknowledgement This work was supported by Federal Target Program «Investigation and development on priority directions of scientific and technological complex of Russia
Li, Thermal protection from a finite period of heat exposure – Heat survival of flight data recorders, Applied Thermal Engineering 75 (2015) 748-755
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Andrzej Grządziela, Marcin Kluczyk, Tomislav Batur
Diagram of the propulsion system and arrangement of measurement points: 1, 7 - the foundation of the engine; 2, 8 - end engine power end; 3, 9 - hydrokinetic clutch; 4, 10 – reduction gear bearing on the input; 5, 11 reduction gear bearing on the output; 6, 12 – thrust bearing;
The ship's propulsion system might be classified as a serial arrangement, ie.
It becomes necessary to use a number of simplifications, which, however, should not lead to a situation in which the data obtained from the model are not identical to the symptoms of the technical condition of the object.
Identification of relationship "diagnostic model Û signal" enables proper construction of the registration system, processing of measurement data and make the right decision for operation.
It becomes necessary to use a number of simplifications, which, however, should not lead to a situation in which the data obtained from the model are not identical to the symptoms of the technical condition of the object.
Identification of relationship "diagnostic model Û signal" enables proper construction of the registration system, processing of measurement data and make the right decision for operation.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Wojciech Polkowski, Dariusz Zasada, Robert Jasionowski
Prior experiment, investigated alloy was subjected to a preliminary thermomechanical treatment, which includes a cold rolling to 60% thickness reduction and subsequent 1 hour recrystallization annealing at 1000 °C.
• KAM – for a given data point the average misorientation between the data point and all of its neighbors is calculated (exclude misorientations greater than some prescribed value - 5° in this case).
Results and discussion Results of the structural analysis have shown that the cold rolling (to 60% of thickness reduction) followed by the proposed heat treatment (annealing at 1000 °C) leads to a refinement of the matrix grain size to d=20mm with a large fraction of high angle grain boundary (~90%) (Fig. 1).
• KAM – for a given data point the average misorientation between the data point and all of its neighbors is calculated (exclude misorientations greater than some prescribed value - 5° in this case).
Results and discussion Results of the structural analysis have shown that the cold rolling (to 60% of thickness reduction) followed by the proposed heat treatment (annealing at 1000 °C) leads to a refinement of the matrix grain size to d=20mm with a large fraction of high angle grain boundary (~90%) (Fig. 1).
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Kitsakorn Locharoenrat, Amorn Thedsakhulwong, Warawoot Thowladda
This resulted in reduction of the energy loss of the sputtered particles.
The lighter sputtering atoms caused the lowering of Al-sputtered yield resulting in a gradual reduction in the formation of (002) plane.
It could be inferred from the AFM data that the surfaces of all films were of comparable smoothness and the dense granular structure was observed except for the CN of 20% (AFM image of the AlN film deposited under CN of 80% was not shown here).
This behavior was in agreement with our data taken from the band gap energy and the XRD (002) peak intensity.
The lighter sputtering atoms caused the lowering of Al-sputtered yield resulting in a gradual reduction in the formation of (002) plane.
It could be inferred from the AFM data that the surfaces of all films were of comparable smoothness and the dense granular structure was observed except for the CN of 20% (AFM image of the AlN film deposited under CN of 80% was not shown here).
This behavior was in agreement with our data taken from the band gap energy and the XRD (002) peak intensity.
Online since: January 2016
Authors: Frantisek Bahleda, Silvia Baďurová, Jozef Jošt, Juraj Ďuďák
Introduction
In terms of heat technology, the reduction of energy demand of the existing objects is based on the increase of the thermal resistance of the building envelope and on the reduction of window and door infiltration.
The data are written in the 10-min intervals.
Fig. 7 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a sheep wool (section 1) – 07/02/2015 Fig. 8 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a recycled textiles (section 3) – 07/02/2015 Fig. 9 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a crushed cork (section 4) – 07/02/2015 Selected data show the progress of temperatures recorded on 07/02/2014, which represent the coldest day during the winter period.
The data are written in the 10-min intervals.
Fig. 7 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a sheep wool (section 1) – 07/02/2015 Fig. 8 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a recycled textiles (section 3) – 07/02/2015 Fig. 9 Daytime temperature diagram of a wall with a insulation from a crushed cork (section 4) – 07/02/2015 Selected data show the progress of temperatures recorded on 07/02/2014, which represent the coldest day during the winter period.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Yin Bai, Yong Jiu Shi, Yuan Qing Wang, Jian Lei Zhai
The obtained data were induced and summarized to get the variation law for the elasto-plastic stability bearing capacity.
that when this ratio is greater than 1.0) Table 3 Stability bearing capacity ratio between global non-uniform temperature rise and ambient temperature for K6 single-layer reticulated shells Span Rise-span ratio 40m 50m 60m 70m t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h Section I 1/5 0.634 0.502 0.727 0.575 0.974 0.758 — 0.923 1/6 0.724 0.574 0.878 0.694 — 0.972 — — 1/7 0.867 0.693 1.007 0.806 — — — — 1/8 0.997 0.776 1.155 0.938 — — — — Section II 1/5 0.626 0.502 0.728 0.584 0.827 0.659 — 0.827 1/6 0.700 0.553 0.852 0.679 — 0.838 — 0.920 1/7 0.822 0.645 — 0.808 — — — — 1/8 0.935 0.748 — 0.972 — — — — Section III 1/5 0.565 0.453 0.734 0.590 0.898 0.708 — 0.745 1/6 0.660 0.528 0.799 0.632 — 0.919 — 0.874 1/7 0.723 0.579 — 0.802 — — — — 1/8 0.763 0.607 0.988 0.790 — — — — Section IV 1/5 0.581 0.463 0.689 0.542 0.765 0.605 0.938 0.728 1/6 0.657 0.524 0.802 0.634 0.932 0.728 — 0.864 1/7 0.754 0.597 0.897 0.715 — 0.816 — — 1/8 0.788 0.619 — 0.794 — 0.990 — — From the obtained data
(2) Based on the actual demands, the reduction factor is obtained in accordance with the guarantee rate of 95%.
The proposed reduction factor can be pressed by Eq.3:
that when this ratio is greater than 1.0) Table 3 Stability bearing capacity ratio between global non-uniform temperature rise and ambient temperature for K6 single-layer reticulated shells Span Rise-span ratio 40m 50m 60m 70m t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h t=1.0h t=2.0h Section I 1/5 0.634 0.502 0.727 0.575 0.974 0.758 — 0.923 1/6 0.724 0.574 0.878 0.694 — 0.972 — — 1/7 0.867 0.693 1.007 0.806 — — — — 1/8 0.997 0.776 1.155 0.938 — — — — Section II 1/5 0.626 0.502 0.728 0.584 0.827 0.659 — 0.827 1/6 0.700 0.553 0.852 0.679 — 0.838 — 0.920 1/7 0.822 0.645 — 0.808 — — — — 1/8 0.935 0.748 — 0.972 — — — — Section III 1/5 0.565 0.453 0.734 0.590 0.898 0.708 — 0.745 1/6 0.660 0.528 0.799 0.632 — 0.919 — 0.874 1/7 0.723 0.579 — 0.802 — — — — 1/8 0.763 0.607 0.988 0.790 — — — — Section IV 1/5 0.581 0.463 0.689 0.542 0.765 0.605 0.938 0.728 1/6 0.657 0.524 0.802 0.634 0.932 0.728 — 0.864 1/7 0.754 0.597 0.897 0.715 — 0.816 — — 1/8 0.788 0.619 — 0.794 — 0.990 — — From the obtained data
(2) Based on the actual demands, the reduction factor is obtained in accordance with the guarantee rate of 95%.
The proposed reduction factor can be pressed by Eq.3:
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek, Noor Azhana Ghazi, Hamdan Salehhuddin
The reduction of the vital dye MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) by the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenases of the living cells was modified from Katic et al. method [4].
Each data print represents a mean ± standard error of 3 replicates.
Data with the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
Both UV radiated and filter sterilized medium with clinoptilolite treatment showed a gradual reduction of medium pH with further addition in clinoptilolite concentration.
Each data print represents a mean ± standard error of 3 replicates.
Data with the same letter are not significantly different at p ≤ 0.05.
Both UV radiated and filter sterilized medium with clinoptilolite treatment showed a gradual reduction of medium pH with further addition in clinoptilolite concentration.
Strength of Commercial Aluminum Alloys after Equal Channel Angular Pressing and Post-ECAP Processing
Online since: July 2006
Authors: M.V. Markushev, Maxim Yu. Murashkin, Ruslan Valiev, Julia Ivanisenko
A
second DSC run was performed to provide the reference baseline for data analysis.
Taking into account the DSC analysis data, the ECAP-ed alloy was subjected to artificial ageing at 105, 130 and 160°С.
Cold rolling to the reduction of 15 % of the ECAP-processed and aged alloy induced further improvement of the strength and maintained the ductility at a rather high level (Table 1).
e b a As a result of further rolling at room temperature to a reduction of ~ 20 % the UFG structure changes considerably.
Taking into account the DSC analysis data, the ECAP-ed alloy was subjected to artificial ageing at 105, 130 and 160°С.
Cold rolling to the reduction of 15 % of the ECAP-processed and aged alloy induced further improvement of the strength and maintained the ductility at a rather high level (Table 1).
e b a As a result of further rolling at room temperature to a reduction of ~ 20 % the UFG structure changes considerably.