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Raman spectra given in figure 1(b) for the resultant films show well define non-overlapping peaks indicating thereby well crystalline nature of all films with low number of imperfect sites.
Other image given in figure 3(b) shows number of crystalline grains with diameters = 15 - 25 nm in a structured matrix.
The interplaner spacing = 0.34 nm [figure 3(c)] obtained by using micrograph TIA software is found to be matching with d101 value for anatase TiO2 [PCPDF-21-1272]. 200 0C 300 0C 400 0C 500 0C Fig. 2 SEM images of the resultant films (a) (b) (c) Fig. 3 (a) HRTEM image, (b) crystalline grains (inset figure: SAED) (c) processed microphotograph for interplaner distance of 400 oC annealed a film.
Yamazoe, Grain size effects on gas sensitivity of porous SnO2-based elements, Sensor & Actuators B 3 (1991)147-155

This can not only promote good wetting between cladding material and the base material, which the base body provides nucleation surface nucleation, but also reduces the degree of supercooling and the grain interface continuously, which formed a good metallurgical bonding interface.
According to solid-solution strengthening and grain size strengthening theory, smaller Cr7C3, Cr23C6 carbide reinforced phase leads to dispersion strengthening.
In Fig. 3 (a) can be find that the modified layer appear wear scar, and formed by the grains shallow ploughing plowing in the same direction, which the surface does not wear scar less peeling phenomenon.
AISI 304 stainless steel surface appear significant ploughing, in addition a large number of the wear surface peeling and severe plastic deformation.
Wang, Optimal number of circulating water pumps in a nuclear power plant, Nuclear Engineering and Design. 288 (2015) 35-41

The formation of CoAl2O4 ceramic pigments includes nucleation and grain growth process.
The nucleation process is related to the heating rate of temperature, and the grain growth is related to the calcination temperature as well as time.
Improving the calcination temperature is beneficial to the complete reaction and then promoting the stability and consistency of pigments, on the other hand increasing the energy consumption, and leading to large grain size.
With the secondary calcination proceeding, the number of Al3+ ions in the tetrahedral will be reduced at a high temperature.
Otherwise the number of Co2+ ions increases, so that the color of the CoAl2O4 ceramic pigment is becoming more bluer.

For increasing the storage density, the volume of the magnetic switching unit has to reduce rapidly, but the grain size is limited by superparamagnetic instabilities.
One of the approaches to overcome it is to compensate the decrease of grain size by increasing the magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
Yuan el al. [2] reported that the Co additive may refine the grain size and improve the energy product in FePt alloy.
The total numbers of electrons are the same as last step.
The number of electron in outer-shell of Fe, Co and Pt atoms are 8e, 9e and 10e, respectively.

Dry permanent magnetic [2,3] using few water and having a lower energy consumption has a broader application such as iron ore beneficiation, metallurgy, chemical industry and grain and so on[4].
If you put the magnet pole in a rectangle, you can find the pole number of vertical direction is even.
In the going-up dynamic separation, the two ways all has its advantages: rotating magnet system can make the mineral grains in the field of the same magnet pole and has no reverse movement which has an influence on the recovery; statical magnet system can make the mineral grains go through many magnet pole and has reverse movement which has an influence on the separation.
In the structure, the modular design causes the adjustment of separation rank becomes simple and direct easy,the multi-level separations not only optimized the final product by the way which one machine elected much, but also decreased in the number of magnetic separation machine needed during the process and simplified the craft; The up-draft magnetic separation ensure high-efficiency utilization of the magnetic effects in the magnetic field, making the down-draft static mining process into a dynamic process, and the impression of magnetic separator will be better; Through the analysis of Magnetic pellet which move in the magnetic field of magnetic separator,we found that the separation distance is in direct proportion to the specific susceptibility of selected objects.This conclusion can guide magnetic separation test to a certain extent.

The volume contraction caused by peritectic transformation resulted in wrinkles (surface roughness) appearing on the grain surface.
Subsequently the sample surface was scanned by a 405 nanometer blue laser beam in the 1000X field by using CLSM, and then the measured location were selected on the protrusion grains of the sample surface to obtain the surface roughness data.
When the temperature reached to 1437.8°C, the primary ferrite first appeared in liquid and then the ferrite phase gradually grew up and the number of nucleation increased with the temperature decreasing to 1405.9°C (Fig. 3a).
The volume contraction caused by peritectic transformation resulted in wrinkles on the grain surface (surface roughness)
Van Tijum, J.Th.M. de Hosson, Effects of crystal structure and grain orientation on the roughness of deformed polycrystalline metals, Acta mater. 53 (2005) 2813-2821

High temperature solutioning prior to water quenching is necessary to avoid carbides in grain boundaries which embrittle the structure.
The resulting hardness is between 220 and 240 Hv depending on the tested grains.
It increases with cycle number for every specimen.
Fig. 11 – Evolution of contact width as a function of cycle number P2: a.
Deformation bands can be seen in the austenitic grains.

.%) and an initial grain size of about 155 μm was subjected to annealing at 430°C for 3 h followed by furnace cooling.
However, the effect of precipitates produced by over-aging on workability of these alloys was considered in very limited number of studies [6] despite its importance for cold rolling and forging, where metal can be shaped through plastic deformation without introducing any defect.
The as-cast alloy contains fine globular and rod-shaped dispersoids, which relatively uniformly distributed within grains.
The observation of numerous small deep dimples is indicative for activation of a number of nucleating sites.

More recently, it was learned that a suitable structure was also achievable through copious nucleation of fine grains at a temperature close to the liquidus coupled with controlled cooling to prevent dendrite growth; a technique that can be applied to liquid casting processes but that is especially useful for semi solid Rheocasting (the slurry version of SSM).
Using the SLC™ process is simple: Degassed, modified and well-grain-refined melt is introduced into the shot sleeve at a temperature only a few degrees above liquidus.
The alpha phase initially forms as tiny rosette grains that then spheroidize and ripen into globular slurry having a fraction solid fs in the range of 0.4-0.5 as it cools to near the eutectic temperature (for A356 alloy, approximately 575° C).
Number of radiographic-defective bars out of 24 total 0.5 M/s 1.0 M/s 1.5 M/s 2.0 M/s 3.0 M/s 4.0 M/s 5.0 M/s fs 0 0 2 10 16 - - - fs 0.2 0 0 2 12 15 24 - fs 0.3 - 0 0 6 10 18 - fs 0.4 - 0 0 0 2 8 - fs 0.5 - - - 0 0 1 12 Figure 4.
Number of blistered bars out of 15 after T-6 (solution) heat treatment 0.5 m/s 1.0 m/s 1.5 m/s 2.0 m/s 3.0 m/s 4.0 m/s 5.0 m/s fs 0 0 1 4 3 fs 0.2 0 0 1 1 3 fs 0.3 0 0 0 2 fs 0.4 0 0 0 1 2 fs 0.5 0 0 1 4 In each case, the first Vg where blisters were encountered tended to produce tiny surface blisters, which are often associated with lube and lube practice, whereas increasingly higher Vg produced larger and deeper blisters, more often an indication of turbulent entrapment of cavity gasses.

X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy were adopted to detect the structure, grain size, morphology and optical properties of the nanofibers, respectively.
The diffraction peaks of samples were broader, indicating that the grain size of the samples became small.
By using the Scherrer formula to calculate and average grain size from three strongest peaks of the sample, it about 36.5 nm, it can be found that the sample reached nanoscale.
A large number of fibers intertwined together to form reticulate structure.
It due to a large number of organics in precursor volatilize under high temperature.