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It is reported that rapid heat treatment is effective method to refine titanium alloy’s grain and improve its mechanical properties [4, 5].
Microstructure of TC16 titanium alloy after annealing treatment is illustrated in Fig 2, annealed at low temperature, all material microstructure is consisted of equiaxed α+β phase and with rising the temperature, grain size tends to grow up.
When the annealing temperature is controlled within a certain range, the strength reduction brought by grain growth is stronger than the strength improvement caused by the precipitation of the second phase.Before the annealing temperature Fig. 1 Microstructure of TC16 titanium alloy after rapid heat treatment.
Tensile fracture surface of samples of TC16 titanium alloy is presented in Fig 4, there exist a large number of dimples in the tensile fracture surface of the TC16 alloy, especially those that are larger and deeper in size during the annealing treatment at 700℃, and some even form long strip dimples.

Damage was quantified in terms of void number density, average void volume, and void volume fraction.
The fragment length scale is strongly correlated to the maximum void number density.
As the voids grow, they begin impinging on each other, reducing the number density quickly.
The increase in void number with strain rate, coincides with typical material behavior.
Further comparisons should be made with multiple kinds of pre-existing damage, including pores, grain boundaries, and inclusions to examine the effect of flaw types and distributions on the damage process.

The problem then is to estimate the behavior of a large number of service components from a small sample of test results.
Average grain size of metal powder used for layered manufacturing was of 50 mm.
Weight loss was calculated for a number of starts for conventional as well as DMLS components.
Weight loss was calculated for a number of starts for conventional as well as DMLS components.
Wear of components is influenced by a number of factors, particularly by alloy composition, grain size and process parameter used for manufacturing.

Usually odd number of veneer layers is used, and the adjacent layers are glued with their fiber directions being perpendicular to each other.
The veneers glued are matched into slab with their grain directions crossed, and then are pressed into plywood sheets, with or without heat [4].
Number of layers is odd, occasionally is even.
It is the veneer sheet by stacking those glued veneers, which are peeled with a thickness of 25-6.4 mm, along its grain, then hot pressed.
In the case of taller buildings, the use of low flammability materials is required in a number of countries.

However, bismuth almost can not be solid-soluted in copper alloys and it distributs in the grain boundary(or phase boundary) [9,10].
Table 1 Chemical composition of Cu-Se-Bialloy (wt%) Sample Number Cu Bi Se Zn 1# 60.0 0.5 0.2 bal 2# 60.0 1.0 0.2 bal 3# 60.0 1.5 0.2 bal 4# 60.0 2.0 0.2 bal 5# 60.0 2.5 0.2 bal Results and discussion Microstructure of Cu-Se-Bi．The SEM image and EDS Analysis of sample 1# is shown in Fig. 1.Because β phase is more easy to be corroded than α phase is, the depression part is β phase and the protruding part is α phase, as is shown in the back scattered electron image (BSE).
Thus so-called "notch effect" is generated and many slightly weakening areas is formed.In the low temperature shear zone,these Bi grains are a kind of clastogens in the solid,which improvesthe cutting performance.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted number 50974063 and Jiangxi Provincial Education Department program under granted number GJJ09228.

This is due to the large number of hydrophilic polar groups in graphene oxide, so it is still clear a week later.
The intensity of the D band related to the grain size of graphite crystallite.
If the grain size is large, the boundary will be small, then the D peak intensity is low, vice versa.
It means the introduction of a large number of oxygenated functional groups leads to a large number of defects and the transition of sp2 carbon hybrid to sp3 carbon hybrid.

There were much carbide with the shape of fish-bone distributing among cellular grains.
There was much carbide like fish-bone distributing among cellular grains (shown in Fig.1 (d)).
Compared with the scanning speed of 100mm/min, the number and size of primary cementite reduced.

Methods of research are control of the content of austenite and existence of d - ferrite in structure there were by measurement of values of a magnetic flux density cold and hot tests on the IFSS-1 device and also calculations of the number of products of wear, the solubility of nitrogen in steel VNL-3 and saturation nitrogen.
The original content of oxygen [O], nitrogen [N] and hydrogen [H] in charge materials Number The name of the charge Material Content [O], [%] [N], [%] [Н], [sm3/100 g] 1 Iron 0.039 0.013 1.36 2 Ferrochrome, consignment 1, 2, 3 0.12 0.165 1.48 0.42 0.173 0.61 0.17 0.172 2.14 3 Electrolytic nickel 0.0003 – 1.38 4 Electrolytic copper 0.025 0.0003 2.98 The results obtained show that under the layer of the main slag there is a monotonic saturation of the VNL-3 steel with nitrogen.
Influence of casting temperature on the structure of steel VNL-3 Number Casting temperature, [°С] Content Grain size, point [N], [%] [О], [%] [Н], [sm3/100 g] Nitrides, point Non-metallic inclusions, point 1 1 590 0.063 0.007 0.55 2 4 4 2 1 610 0.066 0.007 1.15 2 4 4 3 1 620 0.059 0.004 0.56 1 5 4 4 1 650 0.059 0.009 2.65 3 4 3 The effect of the pouring temperature on the formation of grain size is most noticeable.
A noticeable grain growth in VNL-3 steel begins with a pouring temperature of 1650 °C and above.

It is well known that the microstructure, particularly the grain size, mainly determines the behavior of ferromagnetic materials.
Graphene is one or a small number of atomic layers of carbon meshes in the honeycomb structure [17–19].
Indeed, it has been reported that grain refinement diminishes the magneto-crystalline anisotropy due to averaging over randomly oriented nanosized grains [55].
For low grain sizes, each grain may be treated as a single magnetic domain eliminating the influence of magnetic domain walls [11].
Herzer, "Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability in nanocrystalline ferromagnets."

This number is based on a sensitivity analysis performed repeatedly for different workpiece materials.
Number of chips is smaller as well.
Number of burrs duplicated (Fig. 4b).
Their number and size decreases with decreasing depth of cutting.
Discrete modeling and numerical analysis of the process of cutting with a single abrasive grain using finite element method.