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Also allow bone growth (osteoconductive), establishing links between hydroxyapatite and bone (bioactive), allowing the proliferation of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and other bone cells, being that the cells do not distinguish between hydroxyapatite and bone surface, which indicates the great similarity surface chemistry [3, 4].
The crystal structure of composite powder was examined using Shimadzu (model XRD 6000) with scanning angle between 10 and 70, the assembly of Bragg-Brentano θ-2θ system, using Cu radiation (kα1) with the scan step 0.02 (2θ).
SEM Figure 2 and 3, shows a SEM image of the biocomposite HA/CS, revealing a small porous structure with an excelent dispersion between polymer and calcium phosphate.
Figure 3, is a SEM image of the biocomposites after calcination, revealing that after chitosan degradation, an interconnected porous structure is imprinted in the calcium phosphate.

Mechanical assemblies within biological systems occur widely combining different material systems and occasionally similar crystal structures.
The different chemistry in crystallites has produced a lower density for mechanical blends of fluorapatite and hydroxyapatite.
Fluorapatite is a denser structure and cannot readily accomodate the larger OH - group, thus leading to a lower mobility of this ion.
A total change of 50% is attained with inclusion of fluoride in the crystal structure.

Synthesis and properties of imidazolium derivatived biocidals Bingzhen Li1, Yihe Li1,*, Zhe Zhang1, Hua Xiao1, Zhenhua Jiang1, GongYi Li1, Ahn Kwang-duk2 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China. 2Functional Polymer Laboratory, Biomedical Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea.
Five samples with different length of alkyl substituents were synthesized to study the influence of chemical structure on biocidal acitivity (Fig 1).
This unique structure has perfectly mimicked the mechanism of antimicrobial peptides[9].The hydrophobic alkyl was introduced by the synthesis of 1-butylimidazole, which was shown in Fig 2.
The introducing of alkyl chains and hydrophilic substituents are crucial to evaluate antibacterial structures.

When adsorbed on the bacterial cells, it destroys the DNA structure, thus make cells lose the replication ability, ultimately lead to death [6-8].
Results and discussion The structures of antibacterial agents 1 and 2 are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 The structures of the antibacterial agent 1 and 2 As revealed in the previous studies [10-12], these reactive antibacterials could be finely immobilized onto the surface of cotton fabrics.
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol.39(2004), p. 699 [8] J.X.

All chemical structures have been optimized in TURBOMOLE program package, which performed quantum chemical calculations.
Meanwhile, quinolinium cation has higher overlapping area with dodecane and DBT because it has two aromatic benzene like structures.
As described previously, capacity of most ILs can be improved when alkyl chain is added to the cation structure.
[8] Andreas Klamt, COSMO-RS: from quantum chemistry to fluid phase thermodynamics and drug design, Elsevier.

Crystalline structure composition will be determined in the EDX section.
Spotted Section Percentage of element (%) O Na Al Si K 001 38.69 12.72 21.41 25.19 1.98 002 42.43 11.68 19.45 24.99 1.45 003 44.93 16.79 14.96 22.89 0.44 004 47.37 38.91 5.54 7.23 0.96 005 36.29 15.12 22.90 23.30 2.39 Spot 003 confirmed the phase transformation from glassy/amorphous structure to the crystalline structure.
Davidovits, Chemistry of geopolymeric systems, terminology, Proc. 2nd Intern.

Manisankar* Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi –3 Tamil Nadu, India Corresponding author.
Elongated chain with small spherical structures having a diameter of about 80 nm crystallite size is observed.
The micrograph is different from stone-like surface structure of polyanisidine (Fig.4 A).
The different morphological structures of polymer and copolymer were found out from the SEM analysis.

Ger 3,c 1Department of Power Vehicle and Systems Engineering, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 335 Taiwan 2Graduate School of Defense Science, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 335 Taiwan 3Department of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, Chung Cheng Institute of Technology, National Defense University, Taoyuan, 335 Taiwan akhou@ndu.du.tw, bc31010401@ndu.edu.tw, cmdger@ndu.edu.tw Keywords: Ni-W alloy, Pulse-electroplating, Composition, Corrosion resistance.
Pulse electroplating has many coating application advantages, such as altering the structure, improving surface toughness, increasing hardness and wear resistance and enhancing the bonding strength between the surface and substrate [4-8].
The W in the crystal structure is transformed into amorphous grains that improve the corrosion resistance [9,10].
Liu, Effect of W content on the structure and corrosionresistance of Ni-W alloy plates, Rare Metal Materials and Engineering 37(2008)130-134

Up to now, many physical or chemical methods have been developed in succession for the synthesis of one-dimensional ZnO nanostructures, including chemistry vapor deposition (CVD) [4], hydrothermal method, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) [5], template-based method [6], etc.
And the Zn nanocrystallines are of laminated structure and overlapped by each other, which plays a key role for the present ZnO nanoneedles' growth during its high surface activity and interface energy.
XRD measurement revealed that the surface crystalline structure has been transformed from Zn to ZnO, as illustrated in Fig.2.
Due to the differences in crystalline structure and thermal expansion coefficient between the plated layer and the substrate, a compression stress concentration generates at the interface and then the plated Zn layer will be deformed.

Deformation and Corrosion Behavior of A High Purity Manganese Free AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Eigo Kakutani1, a , Masahiro Jotoku1 , Atsushi Yamamoto 2, b , Harushige Tsubakino 2 1 Graduate Student, Materials Science and Chemistry, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2201, JAPAN 2 Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, JAPAN a et06e012@steng.u-hyogo.ac.jp, b ayamamoto@eng.u-hyogo.ac.jp Keywords: recrystallization, cold-rolling, low impurity, magnesium alloy, AZ31 alloy, room temperature, corrosion resistance, TEM.
Introduction Plastic deformation in magnesium and its alloys are affected by micro structures, grain sizes, textures [1] and concentrations of impurity elements [2].
Dislocation density is quite high, but dislocation cell structures are not formed (a).
As show in Fig. 3, in the case of magnesium alloy, dislocation cell structures were not formed by severe deformation, but such microstructures that dislocations were densely and homogeneously distributed with a short distance each other were formed.