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Shield type selection and construction scheme formulation 3.1 Shield type selection Considering the factors that the shield excavation tunnel will crossing a large of urban village farmer private houses which has poor ability to resist risk and will through the airport and the peat soil in the future, decided to choose EPB shield.
There are a lot of factors may cause the ground displacement in shield tunneling.
Using the area as the test section, and through the test tunneling, master the basic properties of the shield.
It can help us familiar with the basic properties of the shield and the working conditions.
The grout has larger shrinkage factor.

They showed that the material-hardening model directly affects the springback simulation accuracy.
Xu et al. [6] investigated the influence of some sensitive factors on the accuracy and efficiency of springback simulation.
Experimental Set up To characterize the material properties and anisotropy, different specimens from 25×100mm CK67 steel sheets were cut at different orientations to the rolling directions (0, 45, 90˚).
Sheet Anisotropy The plastic properties of rolled sheets differ from the through-thickness direction, normal anisotropy, and vary with orientation in the plane of the sheet, planar anisotropy.
Material properties obtained from the tensile tests, were introduced in the software, and the Hill’s anisotropy parameters [12] were implemented into the code to model the sheet anisotropy.

Many researchers reported that the main factor affecting PM emission is the fuel oxygen content.
Table 1 summarizes the detail properties of the test fuels.
Table 1: Fuel properties Description Testing Method [ASTM] Mineral diesel Palm-diesel Density @ 20 [°C g/cm³] D287 0.8370 0.8450 Viscosity @40 [°C mm²/s] D445 4.2370 4.5140 Cetane number D613 71.6 78.2 The engine was controlled by a Dynalec control to increase and decrease the engine speed.
The primary particle size, aggregate particle size, and fractal dimension are three essential properties that can help us to characterize the formation of diesel particulates and understand particulate growth processes.
Sarofim, Factor governing their size and composition and implications to human health, Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 50 (2000) 1565–1618

Addition of non-metallic second phase particles can remarkably improve mechanical properties and wear resistance of metal matrix composites [4-7].
Properties of the sintered copper-diamond composites are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Properties of the sintered copper-diamond composite and pure copper Material Density[g/cm3] Hardness]HV] Electrical resistivity]×10 -2Ω mm2/m] Cu 8.89 83 1.72 Cu-diamond composite 8.45 129 2.29 The morphologies of the worn surface at different wear conditions were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, KYKY-2800) at an operating voltage of 25 kV.
The addition of diamond powder not only improves the hardness of the material, which is an important factor affecting the wear resistance, but also provides protection to the softer matrix during abrasive sliding.
The raised temperature can cause to produce oxides that are available to mix mechanically with unoxidized metal to form a mechanical mixed surface layer [8].

The major factors affecting wood density are growth rate, tree age and heredity [2-4].
The density of wood has an important effect on the physical, mechanical and chemical properties.
Generally, with increases of wood density, the wood tensile strength and wood hardness increases accordingly, while the capacity of water retention, flexibility and chemical reactivity decrease [5].The relationship between wood density and fibre properties is important for the conversion of wood anatomy into wood quality.
Fu, Variation of microfibril angle and its correlation to wood properties in poplars, J For Res. 15(4) (2004) 261-267
Molteberg, Methods for the determination of wood properties, Kraft pulp yield and wood fibre dimensions on small wood samples, Wood Sci Technol. 37 (2004) 395-410

Characterization of LFG Emissions Factors for MSW Landfills Gheorghe VOICU1,a*, Danila VIERU1,b and Mirela DINCA1,c 1University Politehnica of Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Independentei, sector 6, Bucharest, Romania aghvoicu_2005@yahoo.com, bdanila.vieru@gmail.com, cmirela_dilea@yahoo.com Keywords: MSW landfills, landfill gas, permeability, biofilters.
By increasing deposit capacity, diversification of chemical-mechanical treatments for municipal solid waste (MSW), the leachate recirculation or other technical innovations, it is possible to increase the production capacity of the CH4 collection, so the usual gas emission duration should be increased.
The LFG emissions are affected by permeability, by the landfill body pressure, the atmospheric pressure within MSW landfill body, or other factor like: environmental temperature, humidity of the waste and by the coexistence of those three phases, namely: solid, liquid and gaseous.
The considered approaches served as the basis for the development of the gas and heat transport model, which takes into account the variation of the hydrodynamic properties of the landfill (MSW) resulting from their secondary compaction.

Durante et al. [15] proposed an analytical model to calculate the relationship between the surface roughness and ISF parameters, including vertical step depth, wall angle, and tool radius of the forming parts, with a mathematical method that did not take the material properties and deformation of the sheet metal into consideration.
Design of Experiment To estimate the influence of the processing parameters on surface profile accuracy, a design of experiment with four factors and two levels for each factor was used with three replicates.
Effects of combination of parameters Figure 13 shows the main effect plots for the two significant factors of tool diameter and sheet thickness.
Figure 16 Effects of step size and tool diameter on surface roughnes [25]. 5 Conclusions This article presented the process parameters affecting the surface roughness.
Here are the factors to consider: • To improve surface roughness, a larger tool diameter (D) must be accompanied by a smaller value of step size (Dz) and a larger value of feed rate (f) so as not to adversely affect the ISF limit

- Modal properties of the gearbox housing, including deformation, operating conditions, speed, and load, also contribute to radiated noise. 2.
The FEM approach allows us to grasp the complex interaction of the various factors involved in gear noise generation [6].
- Gearbox Housing Design and Material Use: Innovative Gearbox Housing Materials [20]: Exploring materials with better acoustic damping properties to reduce noise transmission from the gearbox.
Ancillary Factors Influencing Noise Levels.
Thus, it ignores other factors such as transmission paths.

Electrospining can produce fibers with different diameter in nano range, and the electrospun nanofibers have a variety of unique properties such as, specific surface area, higher mechanical properties, high porosity and continuous fibers [1-3].
Mechanical properties of electrospun Polyethersulfone membrane were investigated by a universal testing machine (3 ton, Instron, USA) at ambient temperature.
The mechanical properties of electrospun PES membrane with different concentration of PES was studied.
The mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength and strain at break are mentioned in table 1.
Generally, increase of flux depends on two factors, i.e. hydrophilicity and porosity [32].

Therefore, the hole quality of the FRP composite is a vital factor that affects the strength of the assembly structure.
This implied that the critical thrust force can be enhanced by increasing the stiffness properties of the laminate for withstanding the thrust force during the drilling process.
Results and Discussion Mechanical properties from Table 1 are applied to compute the term in the critical thrust force model, Equation (12) for the hybrid laminate to monitor the onset delamination.
The average maximum thrust force and push-out delamination factors were measured and tabulated in Table 2.
This is despite the fact that many researchers have claimed that the tool can produce lower delamination factors in monolithic FRP composite [11,12].