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The crystal structure, surface area, morphology and optical properties of the obtained BiVO4 particles were investigated by means of X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller method (BET), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and UV-Vis reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS), respectively.
XRD patterns reveal that all of the obtained BiVO4 samples prepared by solvothermal at 130oC for 4 h have monoclinic structure.
Generally, BiVO4 has three crystal forms: monoclinic scheelite, tetragonal scheelite and tetragonal zircon structure.
For characterizations of the as-prepared samples, the crystal structures were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (Bruker D2 PHASER), the morphologies and microstructures were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM 6480LV, JEOL), the surface areas were determined by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm on the Quantachrome NOVA-4200E system, and the UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra were measured by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer (UV-670, JASCO Co.) using BaSO4 as the reference.
Materials Chemistry and Physics, 107(2-3) 2008. 465-470.

Determination of Ascorbic Acid Based on A Platinum Nanoparticles Modified Au electrode He Jia-hong a, Xu Qiang b, Song Zhong-rongc and Kuang Haiyand a, b, c Chemistry and Environment Engineering College, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, China dChemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044,China E-mail : szr1688@163.com Keywords: ascorbic acid, Platinum nanoparticles, in situ growth, modified electrode Abstract: A Platinum nanoparticles modified Au electrode has been successfully fabricated by using an in situ growth method.
The structures and morphologies of the Platinum nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) .

Extraction with the various solvents removed different cell wall components and changed the cell wall structure, and thus did change the heavy metal ions removal capacity of lignocellulosic fibers.
Lignocellulosics have an ion-exchange capacity, which is derived from their constituent polymers and structure.
Therefore, if coconut coir is treated with more strong solvent to break down the cell wall structure and more lignin and xylose are exposed, heavy metal ion may be removed more.
It indicates that the physical and chemical changes of lignocellulosic fiber by breaking cell wall structure do play a role in heavy metal ion removal, but lignocellulosic fibers may be treated differently to increase heavy metal ion sorption because each lignocellulosic fiber has different cell wall structure.
Browning: Methods of Wood Chemistry (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., U.S.A. 1967)

Chemical structure, crystalline morphology, and thermal properties of the biological material were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and polarized light microscopy (POM).
Visual observation of crystallization transitions and structure under cross polarized light was made by a Leica DMRX (Leica, Wetzlar, Germany) polarizing optical microscope (POM) equipped with a Linkam THMSE-600 (Linkam, Surrey, England) hot stage.
Results and discussion Chemical structure analysis Structure of cholesterol 3-hemisuccinate (a), chitosan (b) and cholesterol modified low molecular weight chitosan (CS-CH) (c) were confirmed by FT-IR spectra (Fig. 1).
In the case of CH-CS (Fig. 3), the crystalline structure has been reduced to a certain extent owing to the decrease of intermolecular hydrogen bonds of chitosan when CHS was grafted gradually onto the backbone of chitosan molecule through EDC activation.
Chen, Biomacromolecule-based nanoparticle drug carriers, Progress in Chemistry 23 (2011) 202-212

Homogeneous porous structure like cancellous bones could be clearly observed as shown in Fig.1.
Sharp peaks attributed to calcium carbonate with aragonite structure could be confirmed to appear in addition to that with calcite.
However, the peaks from CaCO3 with aragonite structure were clearly observed in the samples with the fragments.
Under normal condition, the crystal structure of calcite is thermodynamically stable.
Therefore, the aragonite structure is the evidence of biological origin.

Cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed for examining the composition, structure, and morphology of the catalyst.
Currently, DMFC studies mainly include the preparation of Pt-based alloys (e.g., PtRu, PtCo, PtNi)[3-5], Pt-based catalysts with special morphology (hollow structure, core–shell structure, nanowires)[6-8], and the selection of a support with a high specific surface area, conductivity, and stability[9-11] to reduce catalyst costs and improve catalyst performance.
Graphene is a novel carbon nanomaterial with a two-dimensional structure that exhibits high mechanical strength and high specific surface area.
As illustrated in Figure 4(d), 100–200 nm sized particles exhibited a flower-like structure, with a relatively uniform dispersion and high density.
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2(2014) 21010-21019

The purification efficiency could reach to 94 % or more for adsorbing particles in exhaust gas of diesel engine exhaust gas in 90 min because of its especial pore structure.
Introduction Hollow spheres materials have been widely used for fluid purification, filtration, catalysis, chemistry and chemical engineering, and many other fields owing to its low density, high porosity, high specific surface area, excellent high temperature stability, good corrosion resistance and excellent permeability [1-4].
Results and discussion Analysis of crystalline structure and microstructure .
The extraordinary pore structures were benefit to intercept and adsorb particles of fluids.
Its inner shell was hollow and a shell had micro/nano pore structure mainly by SiC as crystalling phase.

Micas separated at 750°C should contain Cu+ and Cu2+ ions in the structure.
These β-eucryptite did not contain Cu element in the crystal structure because thier contrast was darker in the Z-contrast image.
Therefore, Cu ions (Cu2+ and Cu+ ions ) must be incorporated in the structure of mica.
Micas separated at 750°C, particularly, in Cu-10 specimen heated 750ºC, should contain Cu+ and Cu2+ ions in the structure.
Shelby, Introductiuon to Glass Science and Technology 2nd Edition,The Royal Science of Chemistry, Cambrige, 2005, 211-214

The sintering behavior, crystal structure, surface morphology, and microwave dielectric proprieties of the prepared ceramics were studied.
All the diffraction peaks were indexed to the orthorhombic perovskite structure[9].
Conclusions Effect of LBS doping on sintering behavior, crystal structure, surface morphology, and the microwave dielectric proprieties of CTLA ceramics were investigated.
Park, Low-fire dielectric compositions with permittivity 20–60 for LTCC applications, Materials Chemistry and Physics 88(2-3) (2004) 308-12
Ferreira, Structure Sequence in the CaTiO3-LaAlO3 Microwave Ceramics-Revised, Journal of the American Ceramic Society 89(5) (2006) 1721-3

This makes them potentially applicable as repair systems for damaged steel-reinforced concrete structures, which are exposed to chloride attack.
This paper discusses the high chloride migration resistance yielded for the AASMs and relates this characteristic to the activator chemistry and the mechanical behavior. 2 Materials and Methods GGBS and an OPC (CEMI 42.5 R) were used as binders.
Pore structure refinement related to shrinkage of AAS materials has been reported previously [5-8].
The incorporation of alkali ions, such as Na+, into the C-(A)-S-H structure has been assumed to play a significant role in the susceptibility of the microstructure of AAS towards reorganization and redistribution [8-10].
The development of the compressive strength and shrinkage of the AASMs strongly indicates that with increasing Ms and NS the AASMs developed a finer pore structure (Figure 1a and b).