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A number of studies investigating the modeling and optimization of SSM casting, through changing the die design and flow velocity, have been performed with the objective of reducing SLS [8, 9].
This change in average diameter is due to the different feedstock preparation method (i.e. shearing effect) and is also accompanied by a difference in grain size reported in Table 2.
With comparable defect free specimens for both processes and crack initiation mechanisms, the slight increase in fatigue life for the CSIR process could be a result of the smaller grain size for the CSIR samples.
As discussed in [13] smaller grain size increases fatigue life, because grain boundaries retard crystallographic crack propagation.
This could be explained by the smaller grain size of the CSIR material. 2.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) This involved the measurement and identification of the phases, shape and grain size, and some characteristics of grain boundaries.
Ho: Hardness material is multi-size grain (polycrystalline grain size).
The Hall-Petch relationship is one theory that explains why ultra-fine microstructures have higher hardness values 520 HV when compared to the coarser-grained ones with the same hardened material.
These numbers further demonstrate the impact of adding silicon carbide particles to the nickel electrodeposition solution and then studying wear rates under distinct conditions.
In all coatings, Ni-SiC composite coating, the coated substrates are fully covered by layer composited of nano particles in an average grain size of 70-100nm. 2.

The sand filter column: the diameter is 180mm; the height is 2000mm. using the homogeneity quartz sand filter material whose grain size is 1mm. the thickness of the filtering layer is 1100mm and the empty bed filtering velocity is 8m/h.
Fig.2 The number of effluent particles ＞2μm in each technical process Particle number(per ml） 596.4 17.725 34.075 43.575 48.9 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 0 0.5 0.8 1 1.5 Ozone input quantity（mg/L) Fig.3 The number of effluent particles ＞2μm in the sand filtration Figure 2 and figure 3 show the numbers of particles which are bigger than 2μm in the water samples tested by IBR particle calculating instrument.
From figure 2 we can see that under different ozone dosages, the particle number in the raw water is about 4500/mL; after pre-ozonation, the number is about 2000/mL.
As to conventional technology, both sediment and sand filtration can remove a certain number of UV254, but the number of UV254 in sand filtration effluents of conventional technology is higher than that of pre-ozonation technology.
It can be seen that the pre-ozonation technology has an obvious removal performance of THMFP, the effluent number in sand filtration becomes 62μg/L while the number in raw water is 91μg/L, the total removal rate is 32%.

The microhardness and grain size were predicted by the model.
To prevent the design from becoming excessively constrained, which would lead to unsatisfactory outcomes , the total number of degrees of freedom of the design must be greater than the number of experiments that are carried out.
This makes them an attractive choice for use in a number of different applications.
The optimal number of concealed neurons was determined through a process of trial and error; in this particular example, the number of hidden neurons varied anywhere from three to ten.
Özel, “Machine learning based predictive modeling of machining induced microhardness and grain size in Ti-6Al-4V alloy,” Mater.

A number of topics were highlighted in the scope of special sessions and some of the presented papers are collected in this volume: FLOW SYSTEMS, DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION (SS1) (by A.F.
Belova), GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND INTERFACES: STRUCTURE, THERMODYNAMICS AND DIFFUSION PROPERTIES (SS3) (by V.V.
The large number of presented papers emphasises the considerable academic and industrial interest in the conference theme.

(a) no mechanical interlocking coarse grains mechanical interlocking smaller grains (b) b a Fig. 2.
In Fig. 2a, it can be seen that the growth mode of the film is columnar crystal and the grain is coarse.
Compared with the monolayer film, the growth grains of the multilayer films are smaller and closely bonded.
This is due to the large hardness difference between the middle layer and the top layer DLC film, resulting in low bonding strength and a large number of films falling off.
In addition, the DLC film on the top layer forms a large number of graphitized transfer films.

Using this approach, the number of input parameters and experiments required for their determination are drastically reduced.
(2) In Eqs. 1 and 2 n is the Avrami exponent, ε the strain or accumulated strain, Z the Zener-Hollomon parameter pertaining to the preceding loading, ( )defdef RTQZ expε= & , ε& the strain rate, Qdef and Qs the activation energies for deformation and softening, respectively, and D0 the initial grain size prior to loading.
Although the initial grain size D0 has a sensitive effect on the softening kinetics, it also affects the deformation behavior and can be incorporated into the prestrain term.
These hardening rates can be computed from continuous flow curves determined on materials of appropriate grain size.
This allows for: 1) A radical reduction in the number of experiments required to generate sufficient data for modeling the post-deformation softening behavior; 2) A description of "strain accumulation" due to incomplete interpass softening in multipass hot rolling in terms of the strain hardening rate. 3) Significant simplification of the extrapolation of laboratory results to industrial high strain rate multipass processing.

These drawbacks (poor osseointegration and aseptic loosening) lead to an increasing number of revision surgery [3].
A statistically significant difference in the number of cells attached on Sn was also observed (p < 0.05).
It is essential to point out the highest number of P. aeruginosa cells were adhered on the Sn surface.
Ivanova, Effect of ultrafine-grained titanium surfaces on adhesion of bacteria, Appl.
Ivanova, The influence of nano-scale surface roughness on bacterial adhesion to ultrafine-grained titanium, Biomaterials 31 (2010) 3674-3683

Instead of storing n2 elements(where n is the number of equations), we need only 2nnz + n + 1 storage locations, where nnz is number of nonzero entries.
Thus, one has extremely fine-grained control over thread management (create, join, attributes), mutexes, etc.
Execution times [s] Number of threads 1 2 4 6 8 Sequential construct 31.58 - - - A1.
The total number of equations was 3013128.
Execution times [s] Number of threads 1 2 4 6 8 Sequential construct 31.58 - - - A4.

The microwave synthesis offers advantages over conventional methods, the heating is rapid and uniform, avoiding an undesirable grain growth.
Because of the excellent properties and the large number of applications and scarcity of this mineral, many researchers are trying to synthesize it, especially through the mixed oxides Al2O3 and SiO2 or from minerals that have these oxides in its composition [4,5], among these minerals can highlight the bentonite [3].
According to work done by Magliano [8], the impurities in solution in the crystal structure of mullite, lower the surface energy of the crystal in some directions, leading to a preferential growth in other directions, resulting in the formation of elongated grains.