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This frequently results in phase transformations in some or all of the grains making up the bond coat.
This can either be modeled as individual grains that undergo phase transformations, or allow the average properties of the bond coat to change, e.g. [10, 11].
Most of the TGO growth occurs as thickening, but a small part is distributed in the grains of the TGO leading to a lengthening component.
For example, simplified material properties were used, and in most cases, limited numbers of cycles were considered (typically about 24 full cycles).
By keeping the number of parameters to a minimum, and then carefully investigate which were important for the instability problem, qualitative statement could be made explaining the failure evolution.

Due to the fact that the cooling rates are high enough, fine-grained structures will be observed in the details.
The experts agree on the training numbering set of strength levels ri.
For each alternative, strength level numbers are determined.
Then we translate them into the binary number system rie.
The challenge is to minimize the number of indicators.

It seemed that grain boundary cohesion became relatively weak in the irradiated surface region.
Density [g/cm3] Grain size[µ�] Bending strength[MPa] Fracture toughness KIC[MN/m3/2] Young's modulus [GPa] Thermal expansion [10 -6/K] 6.05 0.35 1180 7.2 206 12 Experimental Chemical composition and some material properties of the 3Y-TZP are shown in Table 1 and 2.
From Fig.4, it was found that a number of intergranular fractures occurred in the vicinity of the irradiated surface of the strongly irradiated specimen, while in the un-irradiated specimen fracture surface was rather uniform; almost all of it was Measureing method Sin 2 � method Characteristic X-ray CrKα Tube voltage 40.0kV Tube current 30.0mA Diffraction plane t-313 (2θ=153r) Angles, � and � � =0r � =-45rto +45 Temperature 300K Fig.3 Residual stresses obtained from X-ray sin2ψ method. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 -300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Residual stress, � R / MPa Annealing temperature, Tan / K : Un-irradiated : Weakly irradiated : Strongly irradiated Annealing temperature, Tan /� as-strongly irradiated as-weakly irradiated un-irradiated Table 3 Residual stress measureing condition Fig.4 Fracture surface of (a)un-irradiated, (b)as- strongly irradiated, (c)573K annealing after strongly irradiated

Email: a* shalindintwali@uwc.ac.za, b dknoesen@uwc.ac.za, c bjulies@uwc.ac.za, d tmuller@uwc.ac.za, e cjarendse@uwc.ac.za Keywords: intrinsic, amorphous, grain boundary, photoresponse, diffraction Abstract.
It is well known that c-Si displays in Raman scattering a sharp peak centred around 520 cm-1 because it has highly uniform bond angles and bond lengths and thus exists in a limited number of energy states; its amorphous Si counterparts do not have a long range order and are characterized by a wide spectrum of bond angles, bond lengths and thus energy states distribution.
The integrated absorption intensity of the respective contributions can thus be used to quantify the relative Si crystalline volume fraction (fc) in the deposited layer as 480 500 520 500 520 yIII II fc    (1) where I520 represents the deconvoluted integrated intensity of the crystalline peak centred around 520 cm -1; I500 the deconvoluted integrated intensity of the intermediate peak centred around 500 cm1 assigned to grain boundaries, twin structure defects and small crystallites while I480 is the integrated intensity due to the amorphous phase band.
Since the scattering cross section between the two phases (amorphous Si and crystalline Si) is different, a correction factor is applied; Bustarret et al. [18] have proposed an empirical expression y that varies with the grain crystal size (L ) as : ) 250 (exp[1.0)( L Ly  (2) It follows from the previous expression that for small crystallites, y can be rounded to 1 as it is the case for the material studied by this paper.
Applying the boundary conditions to equation 3, one derives the interferometric equation (6) and two continuous envelopes functions around the measured transmission spectrum (on the maxima and minima respectively): (7) and 2)( DxCxB Ax Tm   (8) Where e in equation (6) is the wavelength corresponding the extrema and m their order numbers, integer for maxima and half-integer for minima.

The average residual stress reaches 390.7 MPa, and the average Rockwell hardness number achieves 45.1 HRC.
The base metal section microstructure with 1000 fold magnification before LSP is shown in Fig. 8(a), the matrix is a mixture structure with troostite and fine pearlite, and some white granular ferrite grains.
The hardness and strength will reduce with the existence of these ferrite grains in the reason of improper heat treatment technology.

To loessal soil, many advantages are found, porous and loose structure, uniform grain, neutral and hard to blocking.
Viable counts of Rhizobium cells in suspension were determined on plates of YMA using diluent and colony plate count method [28]. 0.2 mL tenfold serial dilutions of the suspension was smeared onto YMA plate, and was cultured at 28 until colonies emerged, the number of individual colonies in plates with a colony number of 30-300 were generally counted, then calculate the total viable Rhizobium cell number at each dilution.
Number of viable cells of Phosphate dissolving Rhizobium sp.
Numbers of viable cells of Phosphate dissolving Rhizobium sp.
Fig.1 shows the numbers of viable cells of Phosphate dissolving Rhizobium sp.

Metal matrix composites reinforced by nano particles are very promising materials, suitable for a large number of applications.
A number of secondary processes can be applied to the composites usually with objectives of consolidation and improving the particles distribution.
The strength increases up to 0.5 wt% addition of nano Al2O3 may be due to the reduction of porosity content, reduction in grain size, uniform distribution of nano Al2O3 particles due break up of particle agglomerates and improved bonding between matrix and reinforcement and also may be due compressive stress involved in forging process.
Improvement in ductility up to 0.5 wt% may be due reduction in matrix grain size, reduction of the porosity content and more uniform distribution of particles due to break up of particle agglomerates.
The fall in strength and ductility at beyond 0.5 wt% addition of Al2O3 powders has been attributed to moderate increase in porosity, which in forged composite, enhances due to limited ability of the matrix alloy to flow due to restraints imposed by large number of nano-particles leading to increased remaining porosity as well as increased nucleation of voids. 5.

Samples and methods The analyzed samples were collected from the Jinfosi biotite granite, including fine-grained biotite granite (samples r1, r2, r3 and r6), medium-grained biotite granite (r7, r15, r17, r24, and r27), and coarse-grained biotite granite (r24) (Fig. 1).
Zircon grains, collected mainly from sample r15 (medium-grained biotite granite; Fig. 1), were separated by conventional methods and hand picked under a microscope.
Zircon grains occur as stubby prisms with an aspect ratio of about 2:1, although a few have higher aspect ratios.
The grains show oscillatory zoning in CL images (Fig. 4) and have high Th/U values (0.22–0.72) (Table 4), indicating a magmatic origin.
These grains resemble magmatic zircons in granites, indicating they were inherited or captured during emplacement of the magma.

Walnut integrated timber research by adhesives Li Shan Pang jiu-yin 1Beihua University, Jilin, 132013 2 Jilin Wood-based Materials Science and Engineering Key Laboratories, Jilin, 132013 Key words: walnut;Modified vinyl acetate emulsion; Mechanical properties Abstract: combined with walnut, wood grain, wood rough but uniform wood muscles, the stiffness of the medium density, bending strength and fracture strength is moderate, low rigidity, bending performance of steam., sapwood heartwood distinguish slightly obviously narrow wooden materials used in the field of integrated timber adhesive demand for experiment.This topic using room temperature fast curing of the modified vinyl acetate as integrated timber adhesive glue agent.And through the orthogonal test design, by changing the different pressure, time, dosage of curing agent, 9 groups of specimens was produced three factors, the determination of the compression shear strength, and an analysis to the walnut integrated timber
Based on the experimental materials: specification for 30 mm x 25 mm x 10 mm specimens of 180 pieces of walnut, moisture content is about 10-12%. 2.2 design of orthogonal experiment In this experiment, considering the production line, pressure, time and dosage of curing agent in the three factors, if three factors comprehensive combination shall be 3 after = 27 kinds of combination of experiments, and the number of repeat each combination has not been considered, so the mining height are broken, rapid and economic efficiency of the orthogonal design method, experiments with 3 factors and 3 levels L9 (3) after the orthogonal experiment, the factors of a class are shown in table 2-2 experimental results and data processing are shown in table 3-1 Tab.2-2 Orthogonal test table Factor No Time（h） presure（MPa） The amount of MDI (the equivalent of dry glue quality) 1 1 1 10％ 2 1 2 20％ 3 1 3 30％ 4 2 1 30％ 5 2 2 10％ 6 2 3 20％ 7 3 1 20％ 8 3 2 30％ 9 3 3 10％ 2.3 the preparation of modified
Structural timber and Glulam in compression Perpendicular to grain.holz ales Roh-und Werkstoff, 2000,58 (1,2): 73-80

The increase of carrier numbers in ITO films during heating causes the steep decrease of resistance at low temperatures.
In this case, factor of grain size is very important.
The effect of the grain size has been explained by changes of the ratio between the thickness of the depletion layer d and the grain diameter D.
The relation between the thickness of depletion layer and the grain size have been classified in the following way : D�2d-grain boundary control ; D ≈ 2d-neck control ; D�2d-grain control.
Thus, this method is suitable for the thick film sensors since the sintering temperature with them is lower and the grain growth is slower. [9] If the size is smaller, the porous structure is more developed and the specific surface area is larger.