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The fracture surfaces of specimens that failed after fewer cycles showed mainly precipitates and micro voids, whereas specimens that fractured after a higher number of cycles indicated that cracks initiated at the surface.
An important feature of this micrograph is elongated grains as a result of rolling.
[MPa] A [%] HB SST at 495°C/1h 306.7 468.3 20.8 129.5 SST at 505°C/1h 310 478 21.3 125 SST at 515°C/1h 306.7 475 21.7 116.8 SST at 495°C/1h and A at 190°C/6h 390 485 13.3 142 SST at 495°C/1h and A at 208°C/4h 373.3 448.3 8.4 134.8 SST at 505°C/1h and A at 190°C/6h 361.7 483.4 18.1 138.3 SST at 505°C/1h and A at 208°C/2h 400 489 13.3 147.7 SST at 515°C/1h and A at 190°C/6h 361.7 478.7 17.6 136.7 SST at 515°C/1h and A at 208°C/2h 386.7 490.3 12.9 137.7 Figure 3 shows the stress versus number of cycles to failure curve (S-N) obtained from fatigue tests on Aluminum Alloy 2024 samples solid solution treated at 505ºC/1h and aged at 208°C/2h.
Conclusions Optical micrographs revealed elongated grains, caused by rolling.

OPMFS pulp recorded value of 6.42 s, 353 ml, 76.5 %, 36.7 % and 9.35 for drainage time, freeness, moisture content, screened yield percentage and Kappa number respectively.
Then, the fibres were sieved by using chip classifier machine to remove the smallest pollen grain of the spikes.
KAPPA number of the pulp was determined according to TAPPI T236 “Kappa Number of Pulp.
Characteristics of OPMFS fibre pulp Characteristics OPMFS Soda-AQ pulp Drainage time(s) 6.42 Freeness(ml) 353.00 Moisture content (%) 76.5 Screen yield (%) 36.7 Kappa number 9.35 Physical characteristics.
Tensile index, tearing index, bursting index and folding number shows value of 39.10 N.m/g, 8.32 mN.m2/g, 3.15 kPa.m2/g and 38.50 respectively.

After the electron and γ-ray radiation of Titanium oxide films prepared by DC reactive sputtering method, the number of Ti4+ ions decrease in the transition layer, Ti4+ turns to Ti3+ according the reaction 2TiO2 → Ti2O3+O [5].
Finally, the oxidation state of the metal in oxides can vary from very low to very high formal oxidation numbers.
It has been reported that In2O3 thin films, prepared by electron beam evaporation, consist of mostly polycrystalline grains of about 0.1-1µm in size with a cubic lattice constant about 10.10 Å [12].
Indium oxides films are polycrystalline with grain sizes varying from 100 to 1000 Å depending on the method of preparation and the subsequent engineering processes [12].
Other operation parameters applied were a pinhole of 400 µm, a slit opening of 200 µm, an accumulation time of 120 seconds and an accumulation number of 10.

They look like grains of different dimensions in the range of not more than 100 µm.
Grains of dispersed humine have dimensions in the range of not more than 30 µm.
After dispergation the number of porous particles decreased.
Sample C N O Na Mg Al Si S Fe Ca GК(1) 67,06 12,65 19,86 0,02 - 0,41 - - - - GК(2) 60,66 7,44 28,10 0,25 0,06 1,40 1,66 0,29 0,14 - GКd(1) 62,19 7,02 27,08 0,27 0,05 1,19 1,70 0,37 0,11 - GКd(2) 63,17 5,96 27,70 0,22 - 1,20 1,41 0,33 - - GU(1) 66,05 8,25 22,01 2,41 - 0,24 0,27 0,23 - 0,54 GU(2) 61,43 6,42 27,49 2,38 - 0,56 1,44 0,08 - 0,21 GUd(1) 59,04 4,83 29,65 1,86 0,09 1,73 2,42 0,12 - 0,25 GUd(2) 62,61 5,06 25,27 3,00 0,10 0.90 2,33 0,36 - 0,38 Each number (Table 1) is a ratio of the number of element atoms to the general number of atoms of chosen elements.

The grain size in the white layer is shown to be in the submicrometer range with values ranging between 30 and 500 nm.
Based on a consideration of strain, stress, and temperature states associated with the formation of white layers in machining, the deformation of materials to very large strains may be the principal factor contributing to the formation of the white layer with ultrafine grained or nanocrystalline structures.
Cylindrical grinding has many parameters such as depth of cut, feed speed, number of passes, and cutting speed that can be varied.
There are only three parameters (depth of cut, feed speed and number of passes) are important to the surface hardness by grinding [6].
Increasing the number of passes increases the hardness at the surface only to a certain number of passes, after that, it decreases.

Introduction In the deformed materials, the local plastic strain is very complicated and different form the macroscopic plastic strain, because materials are locally non-uniform due to the presence of microstructural features like grains, grain boundaries, particles, pores, void, cracks and so on.
Index numbers i and j specify individual pores.
The ratio of success tracking, η is calculated by the number of correct tracking divided by the number of all markers.
Acknowledgements The SR experiment was performed with the approval of JASRI through proposal numbers, 2005A0066-NM-np.

At high temperatures (1000°C-1300°C) niobium in solid solution retards austenite recrystallisation and grain growth.
The final effect is to increase the density of ferrite nucleation sites and thus reduce the final ferrite grain size.
Output of these models are usually: the particle size distribution, their number and volume fraction.
Moreover, it is well established that nitride can tolerate a large number of vacancies to satisfy surface or volume constrains imposed by the ferrite matrix.
, (3) a where is the number of nucleation sites ( and a is the ferrite lattice parameter), 0N 3 0 1/N?

The amount and number density of ε martensite are increased with an increase in Co content, resulting in the improvement of damping capacity.
The grain size of γ austenite in each alloy was adjusted to 120µm by changing the solution treatment time, to exclude its effects on martensitic transformation behavior and resulting microstructure.
Fig. 4 shows the variation in relative numbers of ε martensite plates in unit area with ε martensite content, where the number of ε martensite plates for the Fe-23%Mn-2%Si alloy air-cooled at 298K, was regarded as a standard value.
Change in relative number of ε martensite plates with ε martensite content for experimental alloys.
The addition of Si is detrimental to the amount and number density of ε martensite, resulting in the decay of damping capacity.

Powder metallurgy (P/M) of Ti-based alloys may lead to the obtainment of components having weak-to-absent textures, uniform grain structure and higher homogeneity compared with conventional wrought products.
For fine-grained binary TiAl alloys, the room temperature elongation to fracture varies with Al-content, exhibiting a maximum at the two-phase composition Ti–48Al [3-4].
Microstructural varieties numbered 1 to 5 represent regions where EDS analyses were performed (Table II).
This structure is characterized by the presence of γ grains and lamellar colonies of alternating layers of γ and α2 phases.
(d) A duplex microstructure was obtained by hot pressing route characterized by the presence of γ grains and lamellar colonies of alternating layers of γ and α2 phases, where a high densification could be reached.

Changchao Jia and co- workers synthesized Ag NWs and NPs using glycerol and EG as solvents where large number of Ag nanoparticles (NPs) and few Ag NWs were observed [14].
These geometries have definite grain boundaries which are amorphous in nature, therefore such endothermal heat at latent temperature is explicitly assigned for these domains.
Additionally, DSC highlighted the formation of significant grain boundaries, and these are more concentrated in the samples where ultrathin NWs are present and again where XRD phase distortion is seen.
Similarly, the existence of grain boundaries or amorphous domains mainly restrict electric conductivity, therefore these materials can find applications in the fabrication of diodes.
Acknowledgments The ORICMUST and HEC (Project Number:7183) Pakistan are gratefully acknowledged for the financial support to the study.