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The workpiece material is fine-grained EDM graphite of grade ISO-63 (Toyo Tanso Inc.) with average grain size of 5 µm, density of 1.82 g/cm3, Shore hardness of 80 and flexural strength of 79 MPa.
The cutting tools were Φ2 mm four-flute carbide micro endmills with AlTiN coating (PINDIN, made in China), which were made of the carbide substrate ISO K30 with carbide grain of about 0.4-0.6 µm, AlTiN coating of about 2.5 µm in thickness, rake angle of 10 o , relief angle of 8 o and helical angle of 20 o .
The tooth passing 6 0 2 4 0 500 1,000 1,500 Frequency (Hz) Magnitude (N) (39 Hz) (83 Hz) n = 30254 rpm, v = 190 m/min φ 2 mm AlTiN coated flat carbide endmill Fig. 7 Force harmonics at uncut condition Natural Frequency 1 Natural Frequency 2 1st Harmonic 2st Harmonic 3st Harmonic 2 4 6 8 Wear area Aw (x 10-2 mm2) 0 Magnitude (N) 3 6 9 12 Fig. 8 Force harmonics variations with tool wear frequency under the experimental condition is 2017Hz, which can be calculated by the product of spindle rotation speed (30,254 rpm) and the number of tool teeth (4) divided by 60.

This maximum grain size was chosen because it is the most common one in pavement base courses.
). [6], [7], [10] Table 1 Designed pavement constructions of the test polygon TS 1 0.000-0.042 km TS 2 0.042-0.062 km TS 3 0.100-0.120 km TS 4 0.120-0.140 km TS 5 0.140-0.160 km TS 6 0.160-0.180 km TS 7 0.180-0.200 km TS 8 0.200-0.220 km ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACO 11 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm ACP 16 40 mm GA -R 0/32 150 mm GA A 0/32 150 mm SC 0/32 C5/6 7% cem.; 150 mm SH 0/32 C3/4 5% dor.; 150 mm SC 0/32 C3/4 5% cem.; 150 mm Ra+Rc 0/32 30:70 Ra 0/16 150 mm SCM 32/63 200 mm GA-R 0/32 150 mm GA A 0/32 150 mm GA B 0/32 150 mm GA -R 0/32 150 mm SC 0/32 C1.5/2 3% cem.; 150 mm SC 0/32 C1.5/2 5% cem.; 150 mm SC 0/32 C1.5/2 4% cem.; 150 mm - Ra Rc ACO11 ACP16 GA SCM SC (H) recycled asphalt with min. 50% asphalt particles concrete recycled material asphalt concrete for wearing course with maximum grain
size 11 mm asphalt concrete for base course with maximum grain size 16 mm granulated aggregate type A or B in accordance with CSN EN 13285 grouted course – Cement Macadam course Bound mixture with cement (by hydraulic pavement binder) Construction of test section was accompanied by regular monitoring, especially using non-destructive diagnostic methods.
Advantage of this testing is the knowledge of the exact number and composition of traffic load in the form of TNV passing over the measured profile and heading directly to the weight of the recycling line, where the test section leads to.

The AFM studies of surfaces show that the transferred metals (Al in this case) have a nanostructure with a grain size from 30 to 100 nm (Fig.1,c), though the nanostructure is not homogeneous.
This strongly deformed state of metal is characterized by the raised density of defects on the grain boundaries.
The formation of such interfacial reaction zone is possible only for metals with a high activity towards oxygen and also because of a large number of deformation defects and the nanostructure of metals.
The grain boundary diffusion coefficients in nanomaterials synthesized by means of severe plastic deformation are known to be by an order of magnitude higher than those in classical polycrystals [18,19].

In several joints wooden elements were not connected anymore due to the insufficient number of connectors or to the installation of wet and moist elements.
Several measurements were obtained with ultrasound device and values parallel to grain were always from 5000 – 6000 MPa (blue circles in Fig. 10b).
In direction perpendicular to grain values for MoE were from 185 to 350 MPa which corresponds to timber classes from C16 to C22.
Machado, Chestnut wood in compression perpendicular to the grain: Non-destructive correlations for test results in new and old wood, Construction and Building Materials 21 (2007) 1617–1627, Elsevier

The processing, structure and properties of materials with grain size in the tens to several hundreds of nanometer range are research areas of considerable interest over the past years.
The fatigue strength increases with a reduction in the grain size of the material.
Nanomaterials offer such a significant reduction in the grain size over conventional materials that the fatigue life is increased by an average of 200-300%.
The usage of nanoparticles in cosmetics has elevated a number of concerns about consumer safety. 5) Paints Incorporating nanoparticles in paints might improve their performance, for example by creating them lighter and giving them different properties.

Transform farmer’s market infrastructure of the county and key township, establish and perfect a sound marketing network body, comprehensively recycle a large number of discarded vegetables, human and animal excreta and other waste market generated during market operations each day, and scrap leaves and other wastes in the process of agricultural processing, build biogas plants near agricultural products wholesale market and farm product processing factory, biogas to be reused for providing residential energy resources for the wholesale market and local farmers, biogas residue and biogas slurry are used as fertilizer for agricultural production base and farmer’s small-scale vegetable cultivation (Figure 3).
Accelerate the development of flour, food, wine and small grains processing industry, forming food further processing industry chain.
Take full advantage of rural abundant straw resources, vinasse generated from wine-making enterprises and other waste resources, accelerate the development of straw, grass meal, grass grain, grass cake, bale and protamine animal feed, forming fodder grass processing industry chain (Figure 4) . 3.2 coal and coal chemical industry chain of circular economy.
Give full play to brand advantage of "Pingliang Golden Fruit" and "Pingliang Red Bull", Center on the construction of large-scale planting base of agricultural products like fruit, vegetables, minor grain crops and forage grass and the construction of professional breeding base of animal by-products like beef and pigs, and depend on key enterprises of agricultural products processing, to positively carry out the development patterns “leading enterprise+basement+peasant household”.

The grain refinement of the aluminium can also be improved by heat treatment using the selective laser methods; this is on type of optical heat treatment methods through which the heat treatment can be carried out at a focused point or particular area.
There were countless studies carried out in fabricating and testing of aluminium based MMCs but research in heat treatment of aluminium composites reinforced with silicon nitrate is very less in numbers.
Nai, “Selective laser melting of micron-sized niobium functionalized Al7075 alloy: Element evaporation and grain refinement,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 834, p. 142595, Feb. 2022
Narayanasamy, Effect of coarse grain content on microstructure, cold workability and strain hardening behavior of trimodaled AA 6061 nanocomposites reinforced with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, Advanced Powder Technology, Volume 27, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 1845-1851

Thus there is a gas supersaturation along the grain boundary or phase boundary.
The grain boundaries, phase interfaces and pores within the cantacts can all be the origin of cracks.
After a certain number of operation cycles, the weak points eventually develop into cracks.
These vestiges of fusant spreading on the surface of Ag/LSCO(12) contact by new method indicate that, after refining the grain size of the dispersed LSCO and thereby increasing the viscosity, the composite fusant tends to spread evenly instead of splashing outwards.

According to Mettler et al. [14, 15] with a longer hold-up time of steam and gases in the pyrolysis chamber, the number of secondary reactions increases, as a result of which the production of gases, coal increases and the yield of liquid thermal decomposition products decreases [16, 17] (refer with: Fig. 3).
Classification Sieve analysis of UWS fine coal Grain size grade [mm] Grades’ yield [%] more than 2.00 0.5 2.00…1.60 2.1 1.60..1.00 38.3 1.00…0.50 49.8 0.50…0.25 10.8 less than 0.25 5.4 Fig. 4.
Data on the yield of products of fast conductive pyrolysis of UWS, depending on the particle size (at T = 550 °C): 1 - pyrolysis liquid, 2 - carbonaceous particles, 3 - uncondensed gas Additionally, the coal was subjected to mechanical grinding to grain size grades mm /%: 1.00 ... 0.50 / 44.2, 0.50 ... 0.25 / 24.5, less than 0.25 / 31.3.
Charcoal briquettes were obtained from the fine-grained UWS coal.

Drying has been applied to different materials, such as: grains, fruits, vegetables, wood, ceramic products, etc.
In the heating process the heat causes physical-chemical transformations in the clay mass, allowing the development of new crystalline phases and the welding of the grains.
The mean velocity in the central plane was calculated and, from the calculation of the hydraulic diameter, a Reynolds number of approximately 12000 was found, characterizing a turbulent flow.
Okos, Drying theories: their bases and limitations as applied to food and grains, Advances in Drying, Vol. 1, Mujumdar, A.S.