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The main characteristic of this zone was the formation of a coarse-grained structure.
The presence of a grain orientation in this case affected the intensity of 110, 200 и 211 α-Fe peaks.
In the layer formed by cladding of titanium, boron carbide and iron the number of titanium carbide cubic particles was insufficient for such a frame formation and as a result restrained wear insignificantly.

The passes of atomic migration are assumed to be surface diffusion, grain boundary diffusion and body diffusion.
Enlarged figure observed by SEM showed that the almost of all swells were very clear in their figure excepting a small number of swells suffered by collapsing Cu100nmCu100nmCu100nmCu100nm - 1200- 1200- 1200- 1200 - 1000- 1000- 1000- 1000 - 800- 800- 800- 800 - 600- 600- 600- 600 - 400- 400- 400- 400 - 200- 200- 200- 200 0000 200200200200 400400400400 600600600600 0000 50505050 100100100100 150150150150 200200200200 250250250250 300300300300 350350350350 400400400400 Temperature, ℃ Temperature, ℃ Temperature, ℃ Temperature, ℃ Thermal stress, MPa Thermal stress, MPa Thermal stress, MPa Thermal stress, MPa 1st heating 1st cooling 2nd heating 2nd cooling σ th Cu10nmCu10nmCu10nmCu10nm - 1200- 1200- 1200- 1200 - 1000- 1000- 1000- 1000 - 800- 800- 800- 800 - 600- 600- 600- 600 - 400- 400- 400- 400 - 200- 200- 200- 200 0000 200200200200 400400400400 600600600600 0000 50505050 100100100100 150150150150 200200200200 250250250250 300300300300 350350350350 400400400400
The atoms can move through mainly grain boundaries to make hillocks in an interface between copper film and AlN film.

The material used was a commercially aluminium alloy type 7075 having the following chemical composition Zn (5,1-6,1)-Mg (2,1-2,9)-Cu (1,2-2)-Cr(0,18-0,28)-Fe (max0.5)-Si (max0,4)-Ti (max0,2) (numbers indicate wt.%).
So the 7075 extruded alloy in the T6 temper, with an extrusion ratio of 1:16, which consists in elongated grains aligned in the extrusion direction, was turned into globular microstructure by RAP route.
Fig.2 Heating cycle of 7075 alluminium alloy slug in a die The homogeneous microstructure with spherical grains is obtained in transversal and longitudinal section on the slug (Fig.3).

CVD diamond film growth is disorderly process of accumulation of grain, and the Si substrate adjacent grain diameter is about 120nm, while trains away from the Si substrate will be more and more coarse (20 ~ 60µm).
To the former, the key problem is to adopt different polishing methods to selective removal a number of sharp edges and corners of the diamond film.

Many material pairs that are not suitable for fusion welding can be joined by friction welding as a joining process in solid phase without melt, since the joining temperature is below the melting temperature of the materials and thus the deformation in conjunction with the heat introduced leads to a fine-grained structure in the area of the recrystallization temperature.
There are a number of different advantages that argue in favour of using the friction welding process.
For example, many material combinations can be welded which are not suitable for fusion welding, it can be fully mechanised with a high degree of repeatability, both solid and hollow cross-sections can be used, no welding filler is required, and a fine-grained, recrystallized structure is formed.

Introduction Brazed monolayer diamond tools have been identified as prominent substitutes for the electroplated monolayer diamond tools because they have the advantages of high sharpness, machining efficiency and grains utilization ratio [1-3].
The grits used in the present investigation were diamond abrasive grains with the size 40 mesh (about 400µm).
(a) Equivalent stress (MPa) (b) Maximum principal stress σ1 (MPa) Fig.3 The distribution of residual stress in brazed joint The experimental spectra are shown in Fig. 4 and the stresses evaluated from the spectra are presented Fig. 5 along the measured stress direction. 1320 1330 1340 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Intensity/arb.unit Wave Number/cm -1 h=0 h=0.1 h=0.13 h=0.16 h=0.2 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 -600 -500 -400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 Residual stress( MPa) Distance from the top of diamond( mm) Raman FEM Fig. 4 Experimental Raman spectra recorded Fig. 5 Comparison of the simulation result with the along the symmetry axis measurement result along the symmetry axis In Fig.5, the x-axis shows the distance from the center line of the joint, and the y-axis shows the residual stress.

When they explained the <111> orientation preference, Jones et al. [1] concluded that the change in film orientation is associated with an increased number density of outgrowths, acting as nucleation centers for grains having other orientations.
Considering the fact that the film growth was initiated on the nanorod top, wider pitch samples (550 and 600 nm pitch) would have a larger space for Y2O3:Eu3+ nuclei at the nanorod to grow laterally, so that there could be more opportunities of creating outgrowths, acting as nucleation centers for grains having other orientations such as a <100> 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 (4 0 0 ) (2 2 2 ) 6 0 0 n m _ P C 5 5 0 n m _ P C 5 0 0 n m _ P C N o n _ P C Intensity (Arb.

Introduction Nanocrystalline (NC) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) materials have been the subject of considerable research interest for about two decades now [1].
During each pressing, the cross-section of the sample remains unchanged and consequently this technique can be repeated a great number of times, resulting in the accumulation of large strains through the alloy.
Many ultrafine-grained Al alloys have been produced by the ECAP technique, and mechanical properties of the ECAPed materials have been reported [4-6].

This is due to a stronger splintering of the CBN grains which in turn leads to a reduction of the dynamic cutting edges number of the grinding wheel.
oil Castrol Variocut G 650 HC 6 4 2 0 specific material removal V´W [10³.mm³/mm] 0 40 80 120 workpiece roughness Rz [µm] CL: Grinding oil Castrol Variocut G 600 SP 6 4 2 0 specific material removal V´W [10³.mm³/mm] 0 40 80 120 workpiece roughness Rz [µm] CL: 5% Solution Castrol Syntilo XPS 6 4 2 0 workpiece roughness Rz [µm] 0 40 80 120 specific material removal V´W [10³.mm³/mm] CL: 5% Solution Castrol Syntilo 2000 6 4 2 0 workpiece roughness Rz [µm] specific material removal V´W [10³.mm³/mm] 0 40 80 120 Fig. 2 Workpiece roughness while grinding with different coolant lubricants  Irrespectively of which coolant lubricant is being used, the workpiece roughness becomes finer at the beginning of the grinding process due to grain

The growing interest in engineering applications has prompted an increasing number of investigations of SMA material behavior in the past decade.
Overview of Experimental Findings The micro-tubes are commercially available (Shape Memory Application, Inc., USA) polycrystalline NiTi with grain sizes of 30-50 nm.
It could be attributed to the autocatalytic effect due to the strong interaction of different stress-induced martensite products in the grain size or even smaller microscopic length scales.