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Online since: February 2021
Authors: Naozumi Fujiwara, Masayuki Otsuji, Yousuke Hanawa, Kazuhiro Fukami, Hiroaki Kitagawa, Hiroaki Takahashi, Dai Ueda
The etching rates in narrow spaces were suppressed due to reduction of reactive ions.
The data of dHF (without additives) is also shown for comparison (same as Fig. 4(a)).
The data shows the ratio of etching amounts in the narrow space to that of the blanket.
The data shows the ratio of etching amounts in the narrow space to that of the blanket.
These results indicate that the etching rate reduction in narrow spaces is attributed to the depletion of reactive species.
The data of dHF (without additives) is also shown for comparison (same as Fig. 4(a)).
The data shows the ratio of etching amounts in the narrow space to that of the blanket.
The data shows the ratio of etching amounts in the narrow space to that of the blanket.
These results indicate that the etching rate reduction in narrow spaces is attributed to the depletion of reactive species.
Online since: June 2021
Authors: Uraiwan Intatha, Nattakan Soykeabkaew, Nattaya Tawichai, Phattharasaya Rattanawongkun, Ruethaichanok Prasertpong
The data was statistical analyzed using randomized complete block design (RCBD) method by STAR statistical tool software (STAR 2.0.1) at p < 0.05.
The α-cellulose content of rice straw used in this study was found to be slightly lower than the typical reported data (28-36%) in previous study [11].
The reduction in the pulp freeness indicated that these pulp fibers had higher water-holding capacity after refining.
This also implied to a greater degree of fiber fibrillation and larger number of hydroxyl group available on their surfaces to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules, leading to a freeness reduction accordingly [8].
Refining time [min] Freeness, CSF [ml] Tensile strength [MPa] Elongation at break [%] Tensile index [Nm/g] Young’s modulus [GPa] 0 501a 28.28 ± 4.67b 1.25 ± 0.29c 28.54 ± 4.05c 3.51 ± 0.21c 15 453b 39.52 ± 2.53a 1.54 ± 0.26c 35.96 ± 5.00b 4.24 ± 0.15a 30 423c 42.41 ± 0.44a 2.34 ± 0.21ab 46.29 ± 0.52a 3.73 ± 0.20bc 45 393d 42.20 ± 1.40a 1.94 ± 0.23bc 45.15 ± 1.62a 4.06 ± 0.05ab 60 381d 45.03 ± 5.29a 3.04 ± 0.45a 51.96 ± 4.08a 3.70 ± 0.29bc Note - Superscript letters presented the data groups from RCBD ANOVA statistical analysis.
The α-cellulose content of rice straw used in this study was found to be slightly lower than the typical reported data (28-36%) in previous study [11].
The reduction in the pulp freeness indicated that these pulp fibers had higher water-holding capacity after refining.
This also implied to a greater degree of fiber fibrillation and larger number of hydroxyl group available on their surfaces to form hydrogen bonding with water molecules, leading to a freeness reduction accordingly [8].
Refining time [min] Freeness, CSF [ml] Tensile strength [MPa] Elongation at break [%] Tensile index [Nm/g] Young’s modulus [GPa] 0 501a 28.28 ± 4.67b 1.25 ± 0.29c 28.54 ± 4.05c 3.51 ± 0.21c 15 453b 39.52 ± 2.53a 1.54 ± 0.26c 35.96 ± 5.00b 4.24 ± 0.15a 30 423c 42.41 ± 0.44a 2.34 ± 0.21ab 46.29 ± 0.52a 3.73 ± 0.20bc 45 393d 42.20 ± 1.40a 1.94 ± 0.23bc 45.15 ± 1.62a 4.06 ± 0.05ab 60 381d 45.03 ± 5.29a 3.04 ± 0.45a 51.96 ± 4.08a 3.70 ± 0.29bc Note - Superscript letters presented the data groups from RCBD ANOVA statistical analysis.
Online since: June 2013
Authors: Majid Hashemipour, Asif Iqbal, Hussein Mohammed Ibraheem
The experimental setup is presented in Fig. 3
(a) AWJM setup (b) roughness measurement setup
(c) Optical microscopic measurement setup
Fig. 3 Experimental setup
Results Analysis and Discussion
Experimental data have been analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance).
Analysis of Variance.Tables V and VI present ANOVA performed on the data related to the response variables of hole making by AWJM process.
Tables V and VI present ANOVA performed on data related to response variables for the two groups of AWJM process.
It is noticed also, from the experimental results, that cutting holes by AWJM process results in less reduction in tensile strength of GFRP.
· Reducing the reduction in the strength of the cutting material can be achieved by reducing the increasing the thickness of material to be cut and reducing the jet pressure
Analysis of Variance.Tables V and VI present ANOVA performed on the data related to the response variables of hole making by AWJM process.
Tables V and VI present ANOVA performed on data related to response variables for the two groups of AWJM process.
It is noticed also, from the experimental results, that cutting holes by AWJM process results in less reduction in tensile strength of GFRP.
· Reducing the reduction in the strength of the cutting material can be achieved by reducing the increasing the thickness of material to be cut and reducing the jet pressure
Online since: April 2008
Authors: Shao Peng Wu, Hong Wang, Bo Li, Jian Qiu
Weather data.
Typical meteorological weather data of summer times in Wuhan city, P.R.China were used in this model.
The weather data on 08-August-2007 was selected for specific analysis.
As a result, the service life of asphalt pavement can be prolonged due to the reduction of thermal stress caused by temperature gradient. 0 -4 -8 -2 -6 -10 -12 -14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neat 12% 18% 22% Maximum Temperature Descending Rate((℃/h) Maximum Temperature Rising Rate((℃/h) 2cm 10cm 0cm 0 -4 -8 -2 -6 -10 -12 -14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neat 12% 18% 22% Maximum Temperature Descending Rate((℃/h) Maximum Temperature Rising Rate((℃/h) 2cm 10cm 0cm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -0.5 2cm 10cm -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Minimum Negative Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) Maximum Positive Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) neat 12% 18% 22% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -0.5 2cm 10cm -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Minimum Negative Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) Maximum Positive Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) neat 12% 18% 22% Fig.6 Effects of graphite on maximum Fig. 8 Effects of graphite on maximum temperature
(5) As the contents of graphite increase, both of maximal and minimal temperature gradients can be weakened, which can result in the reduction of the extreme temperature fluctuations.
Typical meteorological weather data of summer times in Wuhan city, P.R.China were used in this model.
The weather data on 08-August-2007 was selected for specific analysis.
As a result, the service life of asphalt pavement can be prolonged due to the reduction of thermal stress caused by temperature gradient. 0 -4 -8 -2 -6 -10 -12 -14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neat 12% 18% 22% Maximum Temperature Descending Rate((℃/h) Maximum Temperature Rising Rate((℃/h) 2cm 10cm 0cm 0 -4 -8 -2 -6 -10 -12 -14 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 neat 12% 18% 22% Maximum Temperature Descending Rate((℃/h) Maximum Temperature Rising Rate((℃/h) 2cm 10cm 0cm 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -0.5 2cm 10cm -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Minimum Negative Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) Maximum Positive Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) neat 12% 18% 22% 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 -0.5 2cm 10cm -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Minimum Negative Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) Maximum Positive Temperature Gradient (℃/cm) neat 12% 18% 22% Fig.6 Effects of graphite on maximum Fig. 8 Effects of graphite on maximum temperature
(5) As the contents of graphite increase, both of maximal and minimal temperature gradients can be weakened, which can result in the reduction of the extreme temperature fluctuations.
Online since: May 2013
Authors: Li Juan Li, Qi Jie Zhai, Li Hua Liu
The percentage of the last cold rolling reduction is 55% and the thickness of strip is 0.3 mm.
EBSD studies were conducted using the automated EBSD system within the APPLO-300 field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) (CamScan, UK) together with the CHANNEL-5 HKL (Oxford Instruments, UK) software package were used to obtain and process experimental data.
ODF sections at φ2=45° of various annealed samples calculated from current EBSD data are shown in Fig. 4.
This effect is clearly apparent in the average data of low-angle grain boundaries of both groups upon annealing at various temperatures, plotted in Fig. 5.
The results of the current study are in accordance with previous reports by Zhang et al. [15] and Harada et al. [16], who explained that annealing samples magnetically produced fewer low-angle misorientation boundaries as an effect of reduction in the number of dislocations.
EBSD studies were conducted using the automated EBSD system within the APPLO-300 field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM) (CamScan, UK) together with the CHANNEL-5 HKL (Oxford Instruments, UK) software package were used to obtain and process experimental data.
ODF sections at φ2=45° of various annealed samples calculated from current EBSD data are shown in Fig. 4.
This effect is clearly apparent in the average data of low-angle grain boundaries of both groups upon annealing at various temperatures, plotted in Fig. 5.
The results of the current study are in accordance with previous reports by Zhang et al. [15] and Harada et al. [16], who explained that annealing samples magnetically produced fewer low-angle misorientation boundaries as an effect of reduction in the number of dislocations.
Online since: June 2010
Authors: Rimantas Stonkus, Mindaugas Kazimieras Leonavičius
Experimental investigation
The data on resistance to cycle loads of double-welded and re-welded joints are presented in [9].
Cylindrical samples made from basic metal and the weld seam, were investigated to establish the mechanical properties: basic metal (hardness BHN = 126-131, tensile strength Rm = 416-428 MPa, modulus of elasticity E = 210-215 GPa, percentage reduction of area Z = 66,6-74.5 %), weld (hardness BHN = 147-159, tensile strength Rm = 440-475 MPa, modulus of elasticity E = 211 GPa, percentage reduction of area Z = 75-78 %).
Such difference of cracking threshold stress-intensity range ∆Kth in CT specimens can be explained by influence of welded joint for received data.
Data of the CT specimen, when crack is perpendicular to the weld: a - crack growth rate versus the range of stress intensity factor.
Cylindrical samples made from basic metal and the weld seam, were investigated to establish the mechanical properties: basic metal (hardness BHN = 126-131, tensile strength Rm = 416-428 MPa, modulus of elasticity E = 210-215 GPa, percentage reduction of area Z = 66,6-74.5 %), weld (hardness BHN = 147-159, tensile strength Rm = 440-475 MPa, modulus of elasticity E = 211 GPa, percentage reduction of area Z = 75-78 %).
Such difference of cracking threshold stress-intensity range ∆Kth in CT specimens can be explained by influence of welded joint for received data.
Data of the CT specimen, when crack is perpendicular to the weld: a - crack growth rate versus the range of stress intensity factor.
Online since: December 2024
Authors: Noparat Kanjanaprayut, Thamrongsin Siripongsakul, Piyorose Promdirek
Also, the reduction in magnetic permeability of AISI 2205 and AISI 2507 duplex stainless steels is a result of spinodal decomposition of primary ferrites into paramagnetic Cr-rich α’ phases and ferromagnetic Fe-rich α phases, both of which lead to a reduction in overall ferromagnetism [11].
3.2 Electrochemical Analysis
To evaluate corrosion resistance, EIS was conducted on AISI 430, AISI 2205, AISI 2507 and AISI 304 stainless steels.
The parameters extracted from the measured data are summarized in Table 3.
a) b) Fig. 3 Results of the EIS measurement after exposure to molten salt at 600°C for two hours, shown by Nyquist plots in a) and the equivalent circuit applied to the fitting of the EIS data in b).
Ecorr and Icorr are extracted from the measured data using the Tafel technique.
The parameters extracted from the measured data are summarized in Table 3.
a) b) Fig. 3 Results of the EIS measurement after exposure to molten salt at 600°C for two hours, shown by Nyquist plots in a) and the equivalent circuit applied to the fitting of the EIS data in b).
Ecorr and Icorr are extracted from the measured data using the Tafel technique.
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Man Ping Liu, Hans J. Roven, Xue Feng Xie, Zhen Ya Zhang, Hui Wang
The texture and microstructural data are obtained from electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analyses in a scanning electron microscope.
Texture and microstructural data were also obtained in a Zeiss 55VP FEG-SEM equipped with a Nordif EBSD detector and the TSL orientation imaging (OIM) EBSD software.
The misorientation data of the HPT AA5182 alloy are shown in Fig. 2b.
However, with the reduction of grain sizes, dislocations would also accumulate in the local region of GBs distorting lattice fringes.
Meanwhile, with the reduction of grain sizes, dislocations are no longer sustained within grain and, once generated, rapidly diffuse to the GB [13,24].
Texture and microstructural data were also obtained in a Zeiss 55VP FEG-SEM equipped with a Nordif EBSD detector and the TSL orientation imaging (OIM) EBSD software.
The misorientation data of the HPT AA5182 alloy are shown in Fig. 2b.
However, with the reduction of grain sizes, dislocations would also accumulate in the local region of GBs distorting lattice fringes.
Meanwhile, with the reduction of grain sizes, dislocations are no longer sustained within grain and, once generated, rapidly diffuse to the GB [13,24].
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Xiang Rong Chen, Zhi Tao
Among which the problems, such as high energy consumptions in the construction and use of the theatres, are prominent, and are contrary to the national policies of green buildings, energy-saving and emission-reduction.
65650 15.7 23915 71.30 Grand theatre 1802 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 2202 seats Wenzhou Grand Theatre 36900 6.54 17724 27.95 Opera hall 1500 seats Music hall 640 seats Small theater 200 seats 2340 seats Huizhou Culture & Art Center 40000 4.2 10500 19.37 Opera hall 1359 seats Multipurpose hall 519 seats Music hall 290 seats 2168 seats Changzhou Grand Theatre 51000 4.5 8824 23.68 Big theatre 1500 seats Small theater 400 seats 1900 seats Chongqing Grand Theatre 103307 16 15488 52.29 Big theatre 1830 Middle theatre 930 seats Music hall 300seats 3060 seats Shanghai Grand Theatre 64000 12 18750 44.44 Big theatre 1800seats Middle theatre 600 seats Mini theatre 300 seats 2700 seats Hangzhou Grand Theatre 55000 7 12727 26.92 Opera hall 1600 Music hall 600 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 2600 seats Qingdao Grand Theatre 87000 13.5 15517 42.19 Big theatre 1600 seats Music hall 1200 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 3200 seats Average 57002 9.76 17122 37.46 2547 seats Data
source: compiled by the author, Beijing Poly Theatre Management Co., Ltd., Zhang kuisheng Acoustic Design & Research Institute—Selected Architectural Acoustic Design Works in the Last Decade, and Encyclopedia of Baidu. 2.1 too large construction scales According to the data of the survey on the city theaters under construction, the construction areas of the most theaters are more than 20000m2 each.
In the theater construction the most evident is the increment of row spacing and seat width: the row spacing and seat width in the theatres built in the 90's are 850~900mm and about 500mm respectively; and the data of the newly built theatres are 950mm~1000mm and 550mm ~ 600mm respectively.
There is no need to set it up according to the requirements of the largest performance and the highest grade, the appropriate stage size and facilities are more conducive to the operation of the theatre and development of the performance art, and are also in line with the energy-saving emission reduction policies that are advocated in China.
65650 15.7 23915 71.30 Grand theatre 1802 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 2202 seats Wenzhou Grand Theatre 36900 6.54 17724 27.95 Opera hall 1500 seats Music hall 640 seats Small theater 200 seats 2340 seats Huizhou Culture & Art Center 40000 4.2 10500 19.37 Opera hall 1359 seats Multipurpose hall 519 seats Music hall 290 seats 2168 seats Changzhou Grand Theatre 51000 4.5 8824 23.68 Big theatre 1500 seats Small theater 400 seats 1900 seats Chongqing Grand Theatre 103307 16 15488 52.29 Big theatre 1830 Middle theatre 930 seats Music hall 300seats 3060 seats Shanghai Grand Theatre 64000 12 18750 44.44 Big theatre 1800seats Middle theatre 600 seats Mini theatre 300 seats 2700 seats Hangzhou Grand Theatre 55000 7 12727 26.92 Opera hall 1600 Music hall 600 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 2600 seats Qingdao Grand Theatre 87000 13.5 15517 42.19 Big theatre 1600 seats Music hall 1200 seats Multipurpose hall 400 seats 3200 seats Average 57002 9.76 17122 37.46 2547 seats Data
source: compiled by the author, Beijing Poly Theatre Management Co., Ltd., Zhang kuisheng Acoustic Design & Research Institute—Selected Architectural Acoustic Design Works in the Last Decade, and Encyclopedia of Baidu. 2.1 too large construction scales According to the data of the survey on the city theaters under construction, the construction areas of the most theaters are more than 20000m2 each.
In the theater construction the most evident is the increment of row spacing and seat width: the row spacing and seat width in the theatres built in the 90's are 850~900mm and about 500mm respectively; and the data of the newly built theatres are 950mm~1000mm and 550mm ~ 600mm respectively.
There is no need to set it up according to the requirements of the largest performance and the highest grade, the appropriate stage size and facilities are more conducive to the operation of the theatre and development of the performance art, and are also in line with the energy-saving emission reduction policies that are advocated in China.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Kui Hua Han, Chun Mei Lu, Hong Tao Liu, Wen Qiang Zhang, Dong Xu Guo, Ji Heng Zhao
Investigation on Technical Route of Low Carbon Electric Power Industry in Shandong Province
Kuihua Hana, Hongtao Liub, Wenqiang Zhangc, Dongxu Guod,
Jiheng Zhaoe, Chunmei Luf
National Engineering Laboratory for Coal-Burning Pollutants Emission Reduction, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, PR China
ahankh@163.com, blhtlemon@qq.com, czhangwenqiang1990@163.com, dsduege@126.com, e366500958@qq.com, fcml@sdu.edu.cn
Keywords: CO2, low carbon economic, emission, clean energy, power industry
Abstract.
To solve the problem of climate change is to solve the energy problem, develop low-carbon economy, which is aim to change the traditional high energy consumption and the mode of economic development with high pollution, and promote energy conservation as well as realize emission reduction in development [1].
Current Situation of Carbon Emission in Shandong Province According to the data from statistics bureau in Shandong province, in 2010 the total output value of Shandong province was 3.94162 trillion Yuan with a growth of 12.5% comparing with last year, taking the third place of the whole country.
The statistical data of previous years shows that thermal power dominated more than 80% of total gross generation.
Shandong Electric Power Corporation’ data shows that, by the end of February 2011, there are 35 installed grid-connected wind farms in Shandong province, with the total capacity 1.8294 million kW.
To solve the problem of climate change is to solve the energy problem, develop low-carbon economy, which is aim to change the traditional high energy consumption and the mode of economic development with high pollution, and promote energy conservation as well as realize emission reduction in development [1].
Current Situation of Carbon Emission in Shandong Province According to the data from statistics bureau in Shandong province, in 2010 the total output value of Shandong province was 3.94162 trillion Yuan with a growth of 12.5% comparing with last year, taking the third place of the whole country.
The statistical data of previous years shows that thermal power dominated more than 80% of total gross generation.
Shandong Electric Power Corporation’ data shows that, by the end of February 2011, there are 35 installed grid-connected wind farms in Shandong province, with the total capacity 1.8294 million kW.