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The disappearance of precipitate layer can be associates with a nanostructured layer, process step known as „thickness equilibrium” , determining a decrease of the Ti4+ ions number produced.
The blue shifts and the broadening of the Raman bands can be explained by the small grain size of the TiO2 prepared by anodization of Ti deposited using DC sputtering technique.
The blue shifts and the broadening of the Raman bands can be explained by the small grain size of the TiO2 prepared by anodization of Ti deposited using DC sputtering technique.

A number of fundamental and applied studies have been attempted to understand the susceptibility and the mechanism of caustic SCC [3-5].
The situation is attributed to the Cr depletion on grain boundaries after sensitizing treatment.
The passive film produces on the grain boundaries with poor Cr, which is unstable nature in aqueous solutions, so the Cr depletion zone serves as a preferential site for corrosion attack and/or crack nucleation.

Furthermore, in microworld, the surface of alloy is a mass of crystalline grains, which might bring on thrombocyte congregated.
Meanwhile the surface of the substrate is abounding with metallic grains.
Since platelet adhesion is one of the most important steps during blood coagulation on prosthetic surfaces, to determine the number of platelets adhered is important [11].

The classical Biot's theory for a fluid-satured poroelastic solid sets the following equilibrium and constitutive relationships [3]: , (1 ) ij j s i f iu U σ ρ φ ρφ = − + &&&& (Solid-fluid equilibrium equations) (1) , ( ) ( 1) i i i f i f i p U u a u a U K φ ρ ρ = − − + − − & && & && (Generalized Darcy's law) (2) ij ijkl kl ij C p σ ε β δ = − (Coupled constitutive equations) (3) 1 ( , , ) , i i i i i i U u u p M φ β − − = + (Coupled constitutive equation) (4) where iu and iU represent the displacement components of the skeleton and fluid, respectively, ijσ the total Cauchy stress tensor components, φ the connected porosity, sρ and fρ the densities of the solid grains and the fluid and the overdot means derivative with respect to time. p , K and a are the pressure in the fluid, the steady-state permeability coefficient and the tortuosity factor, respectively.
Starting from the strong form of the equation of motion (5), the approximate Lagrangian of the generic e-th spectral element can be written as: T T 1 (1 ) 2 e e e e e s h h h h e L d dx ρ φ ∞ −∞ Ω   = − − Ω   ∫ ∫ u u ε C ε%& & (8) where esρ is the mass density of the solid grains and eφ the porosity of the considered element.
For a given circular frequency ω in input non trivial solutions of eq. (9) lead to m=1,2,3,..2H wavenumbers and waves shapes, where H is the total number of degrees of freedom of the crosssection mesh.

The technological tests of ColdArc/CMT welding methods as well as micro- and macroscopic metallographic examination revealed insignificant mixing of the parent and filler metals in the weld area and fairly low grain growth and phase precipitates in the weld and HAZ.
No excessive number of precipitates or presence of cracks or micro-cracks was revealed in any area of the joint.
The microscopic metallographic examination demonstrated the welds to be free from cracks and micro-cracks in spite of relatively numerous precipitates of the CuAl2 phase on grain boundaries, particularly near the fusion line (Fig. 2b).

They retard recrystallization of products. 3) precipitates: formed by solution treatment and aging to strength the materials, whereas the grain and aging to strength the materials, whereas the grain boundary ones little effect to strengthening.
On the other hand, H with dispersoid Fig. 5 Fractographs of specimens after fatigue crack propagation spacing as wide as 6000Å showed a test for aluminum alloys with wide (H) and narrow (L) spacing large number of small cracks.

The distribution of the diffraction intensity in each ring was continuous and uniform，from which it is found that the grain size in the specimen is relatively small and there are enough number of grains for the X-ray stress measurement.

A significant number of individual intermetallic compound particles has been analysed by electron diffraction in TEM.
The cells grow equiaxially and the advancing eutectic solid-liquid interface limits the growth of the columnar Al4Cr epitaxial grains.
During remelting at higher speeds, undercooling is higher and nucleation of eutectic Al7Cr/α-Al cells occurs, that grow equiaxially in the liquid ahead of the columnar interface, thus limiting the growth of the Al4Cr columnar grains.

., its model number is DG1025/18.2-II4, and it belongs to subcritical boilers.
Most often, big secondarily recrystallized grains can be observed, too.
The cooling process after straightening is a normalization process, the metal near the outer surface of pipe wall generates the transition from austenite to pearlite, and inevitably, normalized structure of fine crystal grain will be produced.

A workpiece is in complete contact with the surface of a super-abrasive grinding wheel, and the cutting force of a single grain on the abrasive wheel becomes smaller while the number of effective cutting edges increases.
References [1] T.Kuriyagawa, K.Nishihara, S.Suzuki, Yinbiao Gou and K.Syoji: Improvement of Machined Surface Quality in Ultra-Precision Plane Honing, Key Engineering Materials, Vols. 238 - 239 (2003), pp.237-242 [2] T.Iyama, K.Shoji, H.Hagiwara : Study on Plane Honing with Fine-grained Grinding Wheel (1st Report, Truing Conditions for a Low Grade Wheel), Journal of the Japan Society for Abrasive Technology(JSAT), Vol.34(1990), No.1, pp.27-32 0 50 100 150 200 250 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 Inner diameter of truer r t mm Difference between min and max of contact length mm/rev R t=225mm R t=200mm R t=175mm R t=150mm R t=125mm Figure 10 The influence of truer shape upon flatness of grinding wheel surface