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A golf head CAD/KBE optimization design system Yung-Yuan Hsu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chung Hua University, 707 Wu Fu Rd., Sec. 2, Hsinchu 30012, R.O.C.
We changed the CAD’s entity shapes and physical properties, integrated the optimal principle of design with a CAD solid model, to automatically drive the CAD solid model of golf iron heads according to the design objectives, and constructed a knowledge-based optimal CAD design technology.
The solid model of modern product design includes shape design of a free-form surface; surface shape is an important control factor in this design.
Fig. 3 shows how different values of a design variable affect the final location of grids.
In addition, based on the principles and concepts of how surface shapes affect the location of the center of gravity, the shape of an iron head’s cavity was redesigned, resulting in a surface with perturbation properties.

The thermal damage becomes a particular concern in the fabrication of micro/submicro-components as the damage can potentially occur on the entire part, adversely affecting the usability and functionality of components.
An example is the production of buried contact silicon solar cells where thermal damage occurring around the closely spaced grooves changes the property of the silicon substrate and reduces the active area for energy conversion.
The optimum conditions to minimize the groove width, maximize the groove depth and minimize the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will be determined by jointly considering these criteria together.
An analysis of varience (ANOVA) has been performed to determine the significant parameters that affect the performance charcteristics.
The results of the ANOVA showed that the most influential factor among the four process parameters investigated is the waterjet offset distance.

It has two features: one is that magnetic fluid contains magnetic particles in the fluid kept doing Brownian motion, solid-liquid separation will not occur even in gravity, magnetic, centrifugal force; the other hand, being super magnetic liquids in external magnetic field, magnetic fluid has a corresponding magnetic properties, viscosity, rheology, birefringence and other unique properties for special applications [3].
In this paper, relevant parameters of the magnetic fluid that affect vibration attenuation of the magnetic fluid damper are researched, including volume and saturation magnetization of magnetic fluid.
The shape and properties of permanent magnet not only affect the ability of self-suspension of magnetic fluid within the damper, but also determine the distribution of the magnetic field.
Wang, A study on manufacture and property of MRF, Journal of Functional Materials.
Liu, Factor analysis based on the principle of magnetic liquid second-order buoyancy in magnetic inertial sensor.

A water treatment sludge (WTS) was characterized in order to evaluate if its properties would be suitable for use as liner of earthworks or for clayey soil strengthening.
Its geotechnical properties seem to be suitable for producing liner materials and for reinforcing weakened clay soils.
Physical properties of soil such as density, Atterberg limits, water content and grain size are important for liner design, in addition, hydraulic conductivity lower than 1 x 10-7 cm/s, mechanical strength, at least 5 N/mm2, and good compaction conditions are the most significant factors for liner performance [5], [6].
Nevertheless, these geotechnical properties are important for successfully enhancing abovementioned characteristics and, thus, reinforcing soft soils besides waterproofing liners.
O’Kelly, “Geotechnical properties of a municipal water treatment sludge incorporating a coagulant,” Dublin, Jun. 2006.

Rainfall induces landslide, affects the stability and deformation.
After the appearance of runoff, permeability coefficient, which is related to the porosity of dump body, is the main influence factor to infiltration rate.
The measure, cleaning up the soft layer of foundation, is reasonable from mechanical stability perspective.
To ensure the safety of the deformation (affecting structural function) and stress (instability over ultimate strength), is the basic requirements of reliability design of engineering structures.
As long as landslide or deformation terminates and will not endanger the safety of lives and property at the toe, the landslide of the local step or the toe can be neglected.

However, there is difficulty in measuring interfacial mechanical properties due to the small interphase micro zone.
However, the interphase exists actually and has a certain thickness in the most fiber reinforced composites, which can significantly affect the composites properties.[3, 4] Zhang et al.[5] studied the effect of interphase properties on longitudinal tensile modulus of SFRC.
The parameter A is called the adhesion factor, and A = [Pm – Pi (rf)]/Pm.
In order to simplify the problem, the interphase properties are regard as the average values of the gradient distribution parameters, and then the average interphase properties Pi is given as: . (6) The interfacial adhesion is usually poor between the aramid fiber and rubber matrix, which restricts the mechanical properties of the composites.
Noordermeer, Viscoelastic properties of short aramid fibers-reinforced rubbers, Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 128 (2013) 2255-2261

In the paper findings are discussed on the issue of dynamic characteristics of a tribometer as a factor influencing the result of the tribological experiment.
Among most important factors are the properties of sliding materials and lubricant, load/velocity input and contact geometry, but also dynamic characteristics of the machine (tester) which influenced the friction process.
Grudzinski et al. [5] emphasized the necessity of correct representation of friction forces when conducting dynamic modelling of a mechanical system, especially when subjected to alternating load and velocity.
As a classical example of a wide, multi – factor fundamental tribological research programme the VAMAS can be recalled [4] as an attempt to achieve repeatability and reproducibility in sliding friction experiments.
In most tests no vibration measurement was available, so it can only be speculated on the basis of measured friction coefficient scatter, that in a given test there could be a vibration factor involved.

The signal drift of this sensor affects the measured angle and is mainly caused by the change in enviromental temperature.
It was proved that the error would increase 30 nm due to the thermal deformation of the system’s mechanical structure if the environment temperature varied 1 °C [4,5].
The material properties of the U-shaped holders are listed in Table 1.
It has been proved that the thermal deformation of the mechanical structure for a high precision angle sensor is the key factor of the sensor’s drift [16].
Fei, et al, Theory and application of mechanical thermal deformation, National Defence Industry Press, 2009

The properties of feed have also a major impact on membrane fouling.
The properties of this fouling layer largely control the membrane performance.
The reversibility of fouling layer as well as the critical flux of suspensions appear to be dependent on hydrodynamic conditions and physicochemical properties [4-7].
The changes of pH, ionic strength and suspended solids concentration and the process condition of submerged ultrafiltration (e.g. air bubbles flow rate) affect the flux and properties of this fouling layer.
The details of the membrane fabrication process and its properties determination procedure could be found in previous study [15].

Although ZnO as activator of sulfur vulcanization is an important factor for rubber processing.
Control of ZnO as activator related to processing and properties of rubber.
Advantage properties are light weight, cushioning performance, acoustic insulation and good aging.
Zakaria et al. [5] investigated the effect of foaming temperature on morphology and compressive properties of Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) foam.
Al. [12] reported similar results and explained that ZnO nanoparticle at 20 wt% content obtained similar cure characteristics and mechanical properties to conventional ZnO because the increase in specific surface area of ZnO.