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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Li Zhang, Song Wang, Guo Jun Su
Intelligence Predictive Control Study on Lime Rotary Kiln Temperature
Zhang Li1,a, Wang Song1,band Su Guojun2,c
1School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai,264209
2School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin,300222
aneuzhangli@163.com; b wszbs3@sdu.edu.cn; c guojunsu@163.com
Keywords: Rotary kiln, Neural network, Predictive control, Temperature
Abstract.
Among them, neural networks are well known and popular due to their global approximation property.
So the control index in this paper is to control the double color temperature in 1300 ℃.Many factors affect the temperature, include gas flow, gas pressure, gas composition, wind speed, et al.
Its principle is shown in Fig4.Multi-step prediction can be represented by the following formula: (1) Rolling optimization performance index as follows: (2) Where, , A N N A N N A N N A N N y(k) y(k-n+1) u(k-d+1) u(k-d-m+1) y(k+1) y(k-n+2) u(k-d+2) u(k-d+m+2) y(k+2) y(k-n+3) u(k-d+3) u(k-d-m+3) y(k+d) y(k+d-n) u(k) u(k-m) y(k+d-1) Fig4 Multi-step predictive iterative principle diagram In this formula (k+i) is replaced by the output after feedback correction, is control weighting factor, which is used to restrict acute change of u.
So, we can get the control u as follows: (3) Line Search Scheme is always used to solve unconstrained optimization problems, the key problem is formed search direction dk and find fixed long factor ak.We always make it satisfied (gk=).
Among them, neural networks are well known and popular due to their global approximation property.
So the control index in this paper is to control the double color temperature in 1300 ℃.Many factors affect the temperature, include gas flow, gas pressure, gas composition, wind speed, et al.
Its principle is shown in Fig4.Multi-step prediction can be represented by the following formula: (1) Rolling optimization performance index as follows: (2) Where, , A N N A N N A N N A N N y(k) y(k-n+1) u(k-d+1) u(k-d-m+1) y(k+1) y(k-n+2) u(k-d+2) u(k-d+m+2) y(k+2) y(k-n+3) u(k-d+3) u(k-d-m+3) y(k+d) y(k+d-n) u(k) u(k-m) y(k+d-1) Fig4 Multi-step predictive iterative principle diagram In this formula (k+i) is replaced by the output after feedback correction, is control weighting factor, which is used to restrict acute change of u.
So, we can get the control u as follows: (3) Line Search Scheme is always used to solve unconstrained optimization problems, the key problem is formed search direction dk and find fixed long factor ak.We always make it satisfied (gk=).
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Francis Wagner, L. Zuo, W.P. Tong, W.Y. Chen, J.C. He
Introduction
Interstitial Free (IF) steel sheets, known for their excellent formability properties, have aroused
attention in production and research of metallurgical industry since 1980's.
This is because that grain size distribution and texture development during recrystallization depended on two factors: nucleation and growth [10,11].
The mobility factor M exhibits exponential temperature dependence as it features the typical Arrhenius type behaviour of thermally activated phenomena [12].
So further grain growth can only affect the intensity of partial ODF, but almost can not change its texture character.
Summary Annealing temperature is the most important influence factor for grain growth and partial texture evolution.
This is because that grain size distribution and texture development during recrystallization depended on two factors: nucleation and growth [10,11].
The mobility factor M exhibits exponential temperature dependence as it features the typical Arrhenius type behaviour of thermally activated phenomena [12].
So further grain growth can only affect the intensity of partial ODF, but almost can not change its texture character.
Summary Annealing temperature is the most important influence factor for grain growth and partial texture evolution.
Online since: July 2008
Authors: J. Molimard, A. Vautrin, R. Cordero
Speckle-based methods
are of great practical interest for the users, but their signal to noise ratio (SNR) is affected by the
rigid body motion of the specimen.
A simulated mechanical loading is applied to the field.
In a classical mechanical context, rigid body motion is a very common problem.
A simulation was used to study some basic properties.
[2] Rethore J., Roux S., Hild F., Noise-robust stress intensity factor determination from kinematic field measurements.
A simulated mechanical loading is applied to the field.
In a classical mechanical context, rigid body motion is a very common problem.
A simulation was used to study some basic properties.
[2] Rethore J., Roux S., Hild F., Noise-robust stress intensity factor determination from kinematic field measurements.
Online since: November 2010
Authors: Wen Gao Tian
Analysis of Geological Conditions and Geotechnical Physical and Mechaniccal Properties
1.1 Introduction of Site Geological Conditions
The site is located in the west extension section of Fujiang River and Shimaba Anticline and it is the south anticline which is open and symmetrical in its two sides with a dip angle of 2-5°.its structure is characteristic of gentle fold with few faults.
There is no complete underground water layer due to poor water content and therefore does not affect the slope control project. 1.2 Geotechnical Physical and Mechanics Properties According to the geotechnical experiment results and based on the local experience of slope control, the follwing parameters are suggested in Table 1.
To summarize, this natural slope is basicly stable at present. 2.3 Quantitative Analysis and Evaluation A: Parameters of geotechnical physical and mechanical properties The parametersare are selected from Table 1.
C: To analyze the stability of the natural slope close to the apartments to be constructed, this paper has section 4-4’ as the representative to verify the slope section and Fs=1.20 as the slope stability factor.
To evaluate the slope stability after the excavation for the construction of the above-mentioned apartments, we still adopt 4-4’ as the representative slope section for verification and Fs=1.20 as the slope stability factor.
There is no complete underground water layer due to poor water content and therefore does not affect the slope control project. 1.2 Geotechnical Physical and Mechanics Properties According to the geotechnical experiment results and based on the local experience of slope control, the follwing parameters are suggested in Table 1.
To summarize, this natural slope is basicly stable at present. 2.3 Quantitative Analysis and Evaluation A: Parameters of geotechnical physical and mechanical properties The parametersare are selected from Table 1.
C: To analyze the stability of the natural slope close to the apartments to be constructed, this paper has section 4-4’ as the representative to verify the slope section and Fs=1.20 as the slope stability factor.
To evaluate the slope stability after the excavation for the construction of the above-mentioned apartments, we still adopt 4-4’ as the representative slope section for verification and Fs=1.20 as the slope stability factor.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Xu Wei Zhao, Ang Li, Yong Li Li
According to the engineering geologic report, following is the name, physico-mechanical parameters of every soil layer, as the table 1 shows.
Table 1 Physico-mechanical parameters of soils Structure design of subway station.
Soil layers with similar properties can be merged into one layer, average value of which is the final parameter; (2) Pile foundation and diaphragm wall are constructed first, then following with excavation.
The factors affecting the occurrence of vertical displacement are mainly including the pit uplift, the vertical overload and the deformation caused by the temperature difference and shrinkage, of which the pit uplift and vertical overload is the most important two factors[9].
Hence, in the process of design, the diameter of piles cannot be increased blindly, comprehensive factors should be considered.
Table 1 Physico-mechanical parameters of soils Structure design of subway station.
Soil layers with similar properties can be merged into one layer, average value of which is the final parameter; (2) Pile foundation and diaphragm wall are constructed first, then following with excavation.
The factors affecting the occurrence of vertical displacement are mainly including the pit uplift, the vertical overload and the deformation caused by the temperature difference and shrinkage, of which the pit uplift and vertical overload is the most important two factors[9].
Hence, in the process of design, the diameter of piles cannot be increased blindly, comprehensive factors should be considered.
Online since: January 2020
Authors: Xin Rong Cao, Wasim M.K. Helal, Mamoun I.A. Sagiroun, John N. Njoroge
As a result of corrosion on the waterside in the reactor core, fuel cladding oxidation is an important factor affecting the lifetime of the cladding [6].
The first stage taken to develop zirconium alloys was addition of (Sn) to impure zirconium, which lead to overcoming the negative effects of nitrogen content in the alloy to a lesser extent, without seriously affecting the neutron economy [10].
Lemaignan, Zirconium Alloys: Properties and Characteristics.
[15] C.L.Whitmarsh, “Review of Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 Properties Relevant to NS Savannah Reactor Design.,” Oak Ridge Natl.
Shriwastaw et al., “Estimation of ring tensile properties of steam oxidized Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding under simulated LOCA condition,” J.
The first stage taken to develop zirconium alloys was addition of (Sn) to impure zirconium, which lead to overcoming the negative effects of nitrogen content in the alloy to a lesser extent, without seriously affecting the neutron economy [10].
Lemaignan, Zirconium Alloys: Properties and Characteristics.
[15] C.L.Whitmarsh, “Review of Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 Properties Relevant to NS Savannah Reactor Design.,” Oak Ridge Natl.
Shriwastaw et al., “Estimation of ring tensile properties of steam oxidized Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding under simulated LOCA condition,” J.
Online since: September 2018
Authors: Dmitry Wagner, Olga Dotsenko, Kirill Frolov, Veronika Dotsenko, Dmitry Aksentev
The high-frequency magnetic properties under temperature effect have been studied.
The fillers play an important role in determining the absorption properties of composites.
It is necessary to know the EM characteristics of the original fillers in order to predict the properties of the composite material.
It is well known that temperature is the most important factor that can change the properties of fillers during to operation of the microwave absorbing composite.
Pullar, Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics, Progress in Mater.
The fillers play an important role in determining the absorption properties of composites.
It is necessary to know the EM characteristics of the original fillers in order to predict the properties of the composite material.
It is well known that temperature is the most important factor that can change the properties of fillers during to operation of the microwave absorbing composite.
Pullar, Hexagonal ferrites: A review of the synthesis, properties and applications of hexaferrite ceramics, Progress in Mater.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Hui Liu, Xiao Qing Zhang, Hai Dong Wang, Cai Wen Li
Three controllable variables, electrode force, wielding current and welding time were selected as factors (A, B and C), and each factor at three levels.
No interaction among these factors is assumed.
Larger the mean square (V) of the factors was, more significant influence was on the tensile shear load and diameter of nugget.
The data of mean square in Table 4 indicated that the order of the three factors effects was B>A>C.
Welding current was the most dominant factor that affects the tensile shear load and diameter of nugget for 201 stainless steel.
No interaction among these factors is assumed.
Larger the mean square (V) of the factors was, more significant influence was on the tensile shear load and diameter of nugget.
The data of mean square in Table 4 indicated that the order of the three factors effects was B>A>C.
Welding current was the most dominant factor that affects the tensile shear load and diameter of nugget for 201 stainless steel.
Online since: January 2005
Authors: M.S. Yong, B.H. Hu, Qing Feng Liu, S.L. Liu
To cater for industrial application, polymer/clay nanocomposites exhibit improved mechanical
properties, flame retardance, high heat distortion temperature, enhanced barrier properties and
better dimensional stability at low clay content [7].
The improved mechanical and thermal properties will make the material useful in aerospace and automotive industry.
The enhanced barrier properties combined with good transparency will make them ideal packaging materials.
The effect of clay content on the mechanical properties of PP/clay nanocomposites is shown in Fig. 3.
It shows that nano technology can be used to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymeric material.
The improved mechanical and thermal properties will make the material useful in aerospace and automotive industry.
The enhanced barrier properties combined with good transparency will make them ideal packaging materials.
The effect of clay content on the mechanical properties of PP/clay nanocomposites is shown in Fig. 3.
It shows that nano technology can be used to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymeric material.
Online since: April 2006
Authors: Lei Ren, Akiyoshi Osaka, Wei Shi, Qi Qing Zhang, Song Chen, B. Yu, Dong Tao Ge
Introduction
The expanding field of tissue engineering applications has accelerated the need of materials
which are tissue compatible, biodegradable and with mechanical properties similar to the target
tissues [1].
Performance of these properties demands usually a porous scaffold structure, with the porosity characteristics being application specific.
Since they are porous, the scaffolds may incorporate some additives such as drugs, growth factors that have certain effects on cell growth, cell differentiation, and anti-inflammatory.
Freezing temperature affected the pore size and porosity (total and open) as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The pH value of the soaking solutions also affected the pore size and pore volumes of the hybrids.
Performance of these properties demands usually a porous scaffold structure, with the porosity characteristics being application specific.
Since they are porous, the scaffolds may incorporate some additives such as drugs, growth factors that have certain effects on cell growth, cell differentiation, and anti-inflammatory.
Freezing temperature affected the pore size and porosity (total and open) as illustrated in Fig. 1.
The pH value of the soaking solutions also affected the pore size and pore volumes of the hybrids.