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Even a small scale of initial geometric imperfection can lead to a reduction of over 50% in load-carrying capacity [4].
To simplify the problem without sacrificing accuracy significantly, only the nodal deviation in the direction perpendicular to the shell surface has been considered in the present study for the reason that these out-of-surface initial geometric imperfections, (in contrast to in-surface imperfections), cause a significant reduction of the shell’s capacity to transfer loads by membrane action.
In this study, the correlation coefficient function is assumed to have the form, (5) in which represents the least number of connecting members between two nodes, is the average length of these members, and N and L are the scale parameters of the random field, which usually are determined by experimental data or experience.

Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (Badan Pusat Statistik) in 1993 to 2015, corn production has increased by around 3% per year [7].
The reduction in particle size does not change the functional groups that exist in the molecule.
The reduction in molecular size is increasing the O-H group number in microcellulose.

At an estimation of influence of temperature on size of a corner of wetting it is established, that at reduction of temperature of a substrate the size of a corner of wetting decreases.
For a coating on a basis aerosil of mark R 972 in a solution of pitch SILRES ® MSE 100 10% concentration decrease in temperature up to-15°С results in reduction of a corner of wetting by 25 degrees (Table. 2).
An analysis of the experimental data shows, that under conditions of constraint, the adhesion of ice to the metal surface is 2,4MPa, and with the use of an anti-icing coating it is 0,78MPa.

In comparison with metal structures, with a slight increase in weight, a significant reduction in cost (up to 40%) and a decrease in the consumption of steel (2-3 times) is achieved.
The formula (1) does not accurately reflect the physical essence of the bearing capacity of pipe concrete, because It is known that the steel core-tube is strengthened, and the concrete core, compressed by a shell, where the reduction level depends on the ratio of the thickness of the shell wall to the diameter of the concrete core.
All the obtained data are given in Table 2.

The data from GPC measure demonstrates that POE chains degraded during grafting process.
It is well known that ethylene units undergo predominantly crosslinking reactions (through the secondary macroalkyl radicals) during melt processing (see Scheme 1, b and c) resulting in an increase in molar mass and viscosity of the polymer, whereas octene units undergo primarily β-chain scission (via the tertiary macroalkyl radicals; see Scheme 1, d), leading to reduction in the molar mass[21].
The data from GPC measure demonstrates POE chains degraded during graft copolymerization process.

Finite element analysis was carried out and the result was in good agreement with the experimental data.
It has been demonstrated that when adhesively bonded straps or stingers had been used in box beams there is not crack arrest but a reduction of crack tip stress intensity, DK, that consequently produces a fatigue crack growth retardation effect [4-5].
The Harter T method, where the Walker equation, is used on a point-by-points basis, was used to interpolate the data between the R-ratios which were experimentally determined by equation (6), results shown in Fig.4

The dynamic properties needed for dynamic analyses are the shear modulus and damping under smaller shearing strain, the trend of shear modulus reduction and damping ratio increase with increasing shearing strain amplitude.
It can be seen from the Fig. 2 that the trend of reduction of Dmin with confining pressure increasing is not obvious.
The Ramberg-Osgood curve fittings were performed for all of the high-amplitude test data.

This system includes following parts: 2 digital artificial heads HMSIII, data acquisition system SQlab III with 36-channels, binaural signal sampling software HEAD Recorder, and analysis software Artemis9.
Singh: Optimization study for sunroof buffeting reduction, SAE 2006-01-0138 (2006)
Qian: Vehicle wind buffeting noise reduction via window openings optimization, SAE 2008-01-0678 (2008).

Overall, resource utilization in the construction waste in our country is lower than developed countries, take Beijing as an example, according to the estimation of relevant departments, counting in excavation and backfill, recycling of high value-added waste (such as steel, wire, cable, etc.) by special staff, the recycling rate should not exceed 40%, according to the data, by comparison with developed countries [3], our efforts are far from enough, there is still a lot to do.
To develop construction waste recycling industry, first of all, functional departments of governments should encourage and fund research and development of construction waste materials by financial aid and policies; Second, each region should build construction waste recycling plant, the number and production size should be able to meet the region's processing capacity of construction waste; addition, the Government should also develop a "supportive" preferential policies, such as tariff reductions and financial subsidies.
Research should focus on methods of construction waste reduction, recycling-using methods of construction waste, market measures of recycled building materials, analysis methods of recycled materials and environmentally compatibility, technical standards and norms of recycled products, economic assessment of recycled techniques and so on

Significant consequences of such cracks are the reduction in stiffness, strength, and life of the laminate.
Noh and Whitcomb [3] found that the opening of transverse matrix cracks and transverse crack-induced delamination can be directly related to reduction in effective moduli.
The total strain energy of the model is equal to the summation of strain energy of all elements, and its value for each crack growth increment can be extracted from the output data base of NISA.