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Therefore, in absence of more accurate data, its material properties have been estimated as those for an AISI-304 steel cold formed up to 75% of its ultimate stress.
As can be seen, a fatigue life reduction is observed for any deviation around the nominal angle.
This reduction is around 20% when the countersunk angle remains within its tolerance range (see shaded area in Fig. 4).
Fatigue life reductions up to 20% have been estimated when the countersunk angle is within its tolerance range (130º ± 0,5º). 4.

This is to be expected due to reduction of calcium content in the concrete mix.Truly, higher setting time can be beneficial for mass concrete operations to ensure sufficient time to complete casting before allowing them for setting.
Setting Time Fig. 4: Effect of fly ash content on concreteworkability and setting time Compressive strength Data obtained for the compressive strength of the test specimensare outlined in the Fig.5.
It has been found that with the increase in the ash content, a reduction in strength development occurredat all ages of curing.
The reduction in residual strength was, however, more prominent in concrete exposed to temperature higher than 600oC. 0% Fly ash 40% Fly ash 50% Fly ash 60% Fly ash Fig.8: Surface conditions of concrete specimens after exposure to 800oC Fig. 9: Residual compressive strength and relative strength loss of concrete exposed to 800oC Summary In this study the potential benefits of the use of high volume fly ash in terms of energy efficiency in building construction are highlighted.

However, on the overall, the value 33 ppm from about 324 sampled data, was dominating other concentrations by about 16.3 %.
The declining pattern between 20:00 and 22:00, showed the reduction in the burning activities with time while 22:00 marked the end of the large emitters of CO such as the cooking stoves leaving other emitters such as candle lights and kerosene lanterns.
This showed a gentle reduction between 20:00 and 22:00, while the rise to between 23:00 and 24:00 was a sudden steep pattern that may be linked to the molecular diffusive properties of CO in smoke.
However, regardless of the temporal pattern (daily or hourly) of the observations for the different days, it is certain that the released pollutants first undergo a reduction after the first few hours into the night time and thereafter increases due to accumulation towards the midnight.

., t/R = 0.024 instead of 0.033, is considered as an alternative model for the density reduction.
The comparison between the theoretical predictions based on the two models for the density reduction shows that the two predictions are very close, particularly for strains larger than 0.15, so that the second model for the reduction of the relative density is used further.
Reasonable agreement between the analytical and numerical predictions and the available experimental data is observed, but a further study of wider range of the MHS material specifications is necessary in order to verify a more general validity of the proposed material model.

The average error was negative during the main part of the punch stroke in all five repetitions due toinsufficient material draw-in, and thus the feedback controller prescribed a reduction of the BHF, which is observed from Fig. 4(b).
Discussion From the two experiment scenarios where disturbances were prescribed to the BHF baseline w(k) only minor reductions were observed in the actual BHF delivered by the hydraulic press.
This can be due to two reasons: That the reductions in BHF prescribed to the hydraulic press by the feedback control system were too small, or that the hydraulic press was not able to honour the prescribed BHF.
The data being plotted as a function of the punch displacement and as a function of time respectively

A reduction of ductility down to δ=11% associated with the increase in strength of the material is within the limits set by the property requirements on the end unit.
According to recent data provided by the Czech colleagues, over 600 surgeries have been performed, among them 98.3% were successful (as compared to 75-80% in traditional dental surgery) [8].
General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., DaimlerChrysler AG jointly with leading aluminum manufacturers plan to focus on investigations aimed at vehicle weight reduction.
The transition from laboratory samples to semi-products and products from nanostructured Ti materials is a complex issue, as it needs new technological processes to solve a range of tasks connected with increase of produced samples' geometry, cost reduction of nanostructuring processes, provision of the technology's high productivity and ensuring stable mechanical properties.

In principle, this reduction of MS has been traditionally attributed to the existence of a dead magnetic layer at the interface.
A clear reduction of the thicknes of this non-magnetic layer is observed (from ≈6 nm for the as-grown film to less than 1 nm for the annealed ones).
This result reflects the strong reduction of the non-magnetic layer in annealed samples (>0.5 nm) and indicates that, as expected, not only magnetic but also transport properties are strongly improved in annealed samples.
The conduction mechanism exhibits the typical features of a tunneling process and the barrier thickness, derived from fitting of the experimental data by using the Simmons theory, is in very good agreement with estimates of the non-magnetic layer derived from magnetic measurements.

A substantial reduction in the initial grain size to the submicrometer level could be easily attained by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) [2,3].
At present, there is limited data of the effect of extensive cold working on superplasticity of Al-Mg-Sc alloys with UFG structure.
These plates, having a thickness of ~10 mm, were rolled at ambient temperature with a total reduction of ~90% up to a final thickness of ~ 1.1 mm.
Cold rolling of this material with a total reduction of 90 pct. leads appearance of a ribbon-like deformation microstructure.

Therefore, it is highly required to adopt an appropriate damage detection method for the continuously or periodically incoming measurement data.
Damage severity on test section Item Description Section Shape Description a cut of 5.0cm long and 1mm wide on each side Bending Rigidity (EI) 12% Reduction in the cut-section Area 4.6% Reduction Table 3.
It has been founded that the proposed method can detect small narrow cuts inflicted on the bottom flange which caused 12% reduction in the bending rigidity (EI) on the narrow segment of the box-girder.

- In order to delay the temperature increase of the concrete (reduction of irreversible degradation), a limit of 200°C is considered to be reasonable to avoid any intervention on the concrete after fire
This kind of result is very coherent compared to various data coming from the literature.
Influence of relative proportioning between Kerysten and cement: Changing of mass ratio C/K (Cement/Kerysten) appreciably affect the mechanical performances (doubling of C/K ratio induces a reduction of 30% of resistances at constant density) and the densities of high C/K formulations are more sensitive to the air-entraining agent.
The increase of the content of calcium sulfate in the binder induces a reduction in the mechanical performances (at same density).